how many countries did the british empire rule

This led to hostilities with the United Dutch Provinces—a series of Anglo-Dutch Wars—which would eventually strengthen England's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch. [185] Britain was left essentially bankrupt, with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $US 4.33 billion loan from the United States,[186] the last installment of which was repaid in 2006. In response Britain invaded the US, but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 Treaty of Ghent, ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States. In August 1737, two more British ships were boarded by Spanish coastguards near Havana; the crews were imprisoned and kept as slaves. But it is inherently contradictory for an invading force to usher in “civilization.” Britain had many colonies in … [229], Most of the UK's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the West Indies Federation, established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government, but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members. These were all places Britain wanted to dominate for access to goods such as rubber, salt, gold, ivory, and other natural products. [81] The coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch in 1606,[82] but there was no attempt to colonise it. Gibraltar became a critical naval base and allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean. [162], In 1922, Egypt, which had been declared a British protectorate at the outbreak of the First World War, was granted formal independence, though it continued to be a British client state until 1954. Timeline of British diplomatic history § 1815–1860, History of the United Kingdom during the First World War, special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, driving on the left hand side of the road, Territorial evolution of the British Empire, History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom, Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories, "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency", Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, "Why was Slavery finally abolished in the British Empire? [259] The demographics of Britain itself were changed after the Second World War owing to immigration to Britain from its former colonies. In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire. [226], Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for self-governing Southern Rhodesia, were all granted independence by 1968. [200] The Malayan Emergency, as it was called, began in 1948 and lasted until 1960, but by 1957, Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya within the Commonwealth. [201] Brunei, which had been a British protectorate since 1888, declined to join the union. This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany and Italy, or the peoples colonised by European nations, and would later be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements. [55], Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years' War as allies, but the conflict—waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance—left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe. There, they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other. [4] As a result, its constitutional, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. French ports were blockaded by the Royal Navy, which won a decisive victory over a Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805. [24] At the same time, influential writers such as Richard Hakluyt and John Dee (who was the first to use the term "British Empire")[25] were beginning to press for the establishment of England's own empire. The Suez Crisis confirmed Britain's decline as a global power, and the transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire. [119], When Russia invaded the Turkish Balkans in 1853, fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and Middle East led Britain and France to invade the Crimean Peninsula to destroy Russian naval capabilities. [267][268] The British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council still serves as the highest court of appeal for several former colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific. [158] Northern Ireland, consisting of six of the 32 Irish counties which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom. In the Pacific, Australia and New Zealand occupied German New Guinea and German Samoa respectively. [129] Although Britain controlled Egypt into the 20th century, it was officially part of the Ottoman Empire and not part of the British Empire. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India. [242] The British Parliament also had the power to pass laws extending to Canada at Canadian request. [236], Belize achieved independence in 1981. [142], By the turn of the 20th century, fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the metropole and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of "splendid isolation". All the Countries We've Ever Invaded: And the Few We Never Got Round To is styled as a ‘lighthearted' look. What Does George Soros' Open Society Foundations Network Fund? The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative spice trade, an effort focused mainly on two regions; the East Indies archipelago, and an important hub in the trade network, India. At the peak of its power, the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" was often used to describe the British Empire as the Sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.[5]. For the transported, harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average mortality rate during the Middle Passage was one in seven. With the end of the Victorian Era in 1901, Great Britain was the world's largest ... > CLASS ; COLLEGE ; TESTS ; VOCAB ; LIFE ; TECH ; A List of Countries Colonized by the British in the Victorian Era. [68] This was summarised at the time by the slogan "No taxation without representation", a perceived violation of the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen. Britain formally acquired the colony, and its large Afrikaner (or Boer) population in 1806, having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands during the Flanders Campaign. The American Revolution began with rejection of Parliamentary authority and moves towards self-government. [159], A similar struggle began in India when the Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence. In principle, both nations were opposed to European colonialism. [152] Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica, and a foreign policy of "splendid isolation". [83] In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail, arriving in 1788. [230] Jamaica attained independence in 1962, as did Trinidad and Tobago. [213][214][215] The events at Suez wounded British national pride, leading one MP to describe it as "Britain's Waterloo"[216] and another to suggest that the country had become an "American satellite". Spain also ceded the rights to the lucrative asiento (permission to sell African slaves in Spanish America) to Britain. The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean, but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates. Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway, it did give Britain leverage. There were many countries that were part of the British Empire. [171] Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression. Current, Rise of the "Second" British Empire (1783–1815), East India Company rule and the British Raj in India. [15] To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the British government under Benjamin Disraeli initiated a period of imperial expansion in Egypt, South Africa and elsewhere. [202], In 1951, the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain, under the leadership of Winston Churchill. [72][73], The war to the south influenced British policy in Canada, where between 40,000 and 100,000[74] defeated Loyalists had migrated from the new United States following independence. The response of Anthony Eden, who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister, was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on Egypt that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal. [53], At the end of the 16th century, England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal's monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages—the English, later British, East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. The British empire is first described as a 'Commonwealth of Nations', by Lord Rosebery speaking in Australia. Settlers in Ireland from Great Britain have left their mark in the form of divided nationalist and unionist communities in Northern Ireland. The 1917 Balfour Declaration, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This rivalry in Central Asia came to be known as the "Great Game". [198] The UN General Assembly subsequently voted for a plan to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state. [56], The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 and his bequeathal of Spain and its colonial empire to Philippe of Anjou, a grandson of the King of France, raised the prospect of the unification of France, Spain and their respective colonies, an unacceptable state of affairs for England and the other powers of Europe. They originally wanted to use the Americas as the jail, but the Americas revolted in the 1770's so they turned to Australia. Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the Act of Union 1800 after the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and had suffered a severe famine between 1845 and 1852. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim-majority regions. There were many factors at play, and we will dive into some of the major ones below. It used its wealth, its armies and its navy to defeat rival European countries and to conquer local peoples to establish its empire. [222] The British granted independence to the Maldives in 1965 but continued to station a garrison there until 1976, withdrew from Aden in 1967, and granted independence to Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates in 1971. [57] In 1701, England, Portugal and the Netherlands sided with the Holy Roman Empire against Spain and France in the War of the Spanish Succession, which lasted for thirteen years. 3 Answers. There were many countries that were part of the British Empire. [106], From its base in India, the Company had also been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to China since the 1730s. Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied, including those of the Netherlands, which was annexed by Napoleon in 1810. [32][33] In 1583, he embarked on a second attempt. In this context, while other European powers such as France and Portugal,[191] waged costly and unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact, Britain generally adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies. Asked by Wiki User. [194] The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan. [256] Individual and team sports developed in Britain—particularly football, cricket, lawn tennis, and golf—were also exported. [245], In September 1982 the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese government, on the future of Britain's last major and most populous overseas territory, Hong Kong. Jamaica was obtained by conquest in 1655, and the Hudson’s Bay Company established itself in what became northwestern Canada from the 1670s on. The Darien scheme was a financial disaster for Scotland—a quarter of Scottish capital[58] was lost in the enterprise—and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial, and manpower resources of Britain. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again. [40] To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of this trade remained in English hands, Parliament decreed in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies. [227] In Rhodesia, the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the white minority resulted in a civil war that lasted until the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979, which set the terms for recognised independence in 1980, as the new nation of Zimbabwe. how did the british empire make us (england) rich? At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. In response, Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule, leading to the outbreak of war in 1775. [132] The scramble continued into the 1890s, and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from Sudan. Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal. By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britain's economic lead. How Does the 25th Amendment Work — and When Should It Be Enacted? Eventually the Boers established two republics which had a longer lifespan: the South African Republic or Transvaal Republic (1852–1877; 1881–1902) and the Orange Free State (1854–1902). [141] A second Home Rule bill was also defeated for similar reasons. The Battle of Plassey in 1757, in which the British defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, left the British East India Company in control of Bengal and as the major military and political power in India. [61] After the Anglo-Spanish War of 1727–1729, the King of Spain confiscated all British ships in his ports in New Spain. [13][14], British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the empire. Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific[144] and threatened at home by the Imperial German Navy, Britain formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 and with its old enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907, respectively. However, the empire did not just rely on force. [221] By that time over 50,000 British military personnel were still stationed in the Far East, including 30,000 in Singapore. Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on Germany's side, were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement. The manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an imperial power,[181][182] including, particularly, the Fall of Singapore, which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togoland, and Tanganyika. [34], In 1603, James VI, King of Scots, ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London, ending hostilities with Spain. [13][14], During the 19th century, Britain's population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, which caused significant social and economic stresses. On 6 February 1840, Captain William Hobson and around 40 Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi. Philip V of Spain renounced his and his descendants' claim to the French throne, and Spain lost its empire in Europe. [135], The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839 Durham Report, which proposed unification and self-government for Upper and Lower Canada, as a solution to political unrest which had erupted in armed rebellions in 1837. [93] It was not only Britain's position on the world stage that was at risk: Napoleon threatened to invade Britain itself, just as his armies had overrun many countries of continental Europe. 5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. Queen Victoria called it “the jewel in the crown”, and she herself took on the title of Empress of India. I will highlight some of the countries by continent. For a while it appeared that another war would be inevitable, but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective spheres of influence in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. [192], The pro-decolonisation Labour government, elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: Indian independence. Millions left the British Isles, with the founding settler populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies. Britain became the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent after the East India Company's conquest of Mughal Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. [138] The term "dominion status" was officially introduced at the Colonial Conference of 1907. 15. Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities, and between white settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. [121] The destruction of the Russian Navy by the Japanese at the Battle of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 also limited its threat to the British. Fact Check: Is the COVID-19 Vaccine Safe? The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position,[130] but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople, which made the Canal officially neutral territory. How did a small country like Britain rule so much territory? "A Federal Republic: Australia's Constitutional System of Government" by Brian Galligan, Cambridge University Press, p. 122. These included what are now Kenya, Sudan, Lesotho, Botswana, Northern Somalia, Egypt, Eastern Ghana, Gambia, Niger, and Benin. Lv 7. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands). In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. Go to Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th earl of (1847–1929) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) [20], No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, during the last decades of the 16th century. The British developed an empire that spanned the world. [76] The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada (mainly English speaking) and Lower Canada (mainly French-speaking) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution. While Britain continued to regard Ireland as still within the British Commonwealth, Ireland chose to remain legally neutral throughout the war. [21] In the meantime, the 1533 Statute in Restraint of Appeals had declared "that this realm of England is an Empire". The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663. [36], The Caribbean initially provided England's most important and lucrative colonies,[37] but not before several attempts at colonisation failed. "Constitutional Amendment in Canada". 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