seeding depth for canola

400-167 Lombard Ave. All rights reserved. Going slightly deeper (around 1”, max 1-1/2”) to put seed into moisture might improve emergence if soils are also warm and there’s no rain in the immediate forecast. He found that overall, hybrid canola achieved 95 per cent of its yield potential with six to eight plants per square foot, 90 per cent with three to four plants per squar… 2013). The trial included two hybrid canola varieties, one Liberty Link and one Roundup Ready. ... the other at 3 mph. That’s the only way we can improve. The principles of good seed placement still apply. BENNETT FARM 2020 CANOLA REPORT Canola Hybrid Results4R Nitrogen Trial Canola Boron Trial Canola Seeding Depth TrialCropWatch Objectives TRIAL OBJECTIVE: To compare canola varieties in growth and yield. June 11, 2013 Canola can benefit from a top dress of nitrogen or sulphur fertilizer if soil reserves are short and likely to prevent a canola crop from reaching its yield potential. Seeding depth accuracy is one of the reasons many large farms have decided to purchase precision seeding equipment for their canola acres. This is not necessary from April to mid-May, and may create more harm than good at any time. Alberta Agriculture’s longtime and well-respected (and soon-to-retire) canola specialist Murray Hartman ran a meta-analysis of various recent studies of hybrid canola in Western Canada. Seeding Depth Study. plants 5 acres Planting Depth: 1/8 to 1/4 inch This highly preferred brassica is the “French fry” of deer plots which keeps them coming back for more. Seeding … Maturity may be delayed. plants 1 acre25 lbs. Keep the conversation going. Deeper planting requires more time for emergence, reduces plant populations and decreases growth. Canola Seeding Depth and Row Spacing Canola seeds are small, and careful placement at a relatively shallow depth is required. … Dramatic increases in canola (Brassica napus L.) production in the Northern Great Plains and lack of regional research prompted evaluating seeding depth and seed size effects on crop performance.Seedling emergence and yield of four seed size categories of an open‐pollinated and a hybrid cultivar were evaluated at 25‐ and 50‐mm seeding depths at Casselton and Prosper, … Where planting into moisture below the optimum seeding depth (>2.5 cm), use large seed (minimum 5 g per 1000 seeds), avoid high rates of fertiliser in direct contact with the seed and avoid high stubble loads. Remember, canola seed is best planted at 3/4 to 1 1/4 inches deep. Lewis Baarda’s recent planter study also compared the two planter treatments — canola at 20- and 12-inch row spacing — to an air drill treatment with 10-inch spacing. Note that rain or wind can level seeding furrows and create a much deeper seeding depth than intended, so chasing soil moisture becomes riskier if plant establishment isn’t then guaranteed to be rapid. If soil is dry down to two-inch depth, seed shallow and wait for rain. If no seeds are visible on the surface Moisey suspects that the furrows may have been too deep. Only 68 seeds per sq. “Ideally, growers want to have ample fertilizer in place at or before seeding so an extra top-dress pass isn’t necessary,” says Dan Orchard,… admin@canolacouncil.org metre with hybrid canola when speed was increased to seven mph and a seed depth of four cm. For specific recommendations on fertilizer rates, have your soil tested. Seeding depth is one of the easiest objects to change during the spring and although, most research shows that canola does better if seeded shallow, it is easy to set the seed drill to follow the soil moisture level. The optimum seeding depth for canola is ½ to 1 inch, and should not exceed an inch with small-seeded hybrids. Going slightly deeper (around 1”, max 1-1/2”) to put seed into moisture might improve emergence if soils are also warm and there’s no rain in the immediate forecast. Average canola yields at the 2016 Mingenew trial site comparing sowing depths at 1cm, 3cm and 7cm, part of the Department of Agriculture and Food’s Tactical Break Crop Agronomy project. Large seeds can emerge from greater depths because they have more stored energy. | Seeding depth and seeding speed effects on no-till canola emergence, maturity, yield and seed quality. Grow more. We do not recommend broadcasting or spreading canola seed. Let us help you get the most relevant info by telling us where you’re from and what you do. A light harrowing might help if nothing has come through. Some growers have reseeded the worst sections of fields. Each variety had seed sourced from two seed lots, one with smaller seed and one with larger seed. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, 795–802. Where sufficient moisture was available at depths that allowed for establishment this past spring, adequate seed depth was not achieved for various reasons: Here’s why: —In April and through to mid…, Although soil moisture conditions are dry in many areas, seed shallow to promote rapid and uniform crop emergence. The family seeds about 3,100 acres of canola and wheat each year. The goal is to have each canola seed placed into the soil at a depth close to one inch. Optimum planting depth is a half to a full inch below the press wheel furrow. Seeding depth is one of the easiest objects to change during the spring and although, most research shows that canola does better if seeded shallow, it is easy to set the seed drill to follow the soil moisture level. Planting canola deeper than 2.5 cm reduced overall establishment in 2012; however grain yield was generally affected to a smaller degree. For the Liberty Link hybrid, small seed was 4.3 grams per thousand seeds and large was 5.5 grams. Soil temperatures should average 5°C over the coolest and warmest parts of the day. On sandy soils or where the topsoil dries quickly, planting can be slightly deeper, around 30 mm. Harker KN, O’Donovan JT, Blackshaw RE, Johnson EN, Lafond GP, May WE (2012) Seeding depth and seeding speed effects on no-till canola emergence, maturity, yield and seed quality. Remember, canola seed is best planted at 3/4 to 1 1/4 inches deep. He says the planter showed clear advantages for consistency of seed depth and seed spacing. This becomes clear as plants emerge, especially when some rows emerge earlier and more vigorously than others…, In dry soil conditions, growers may be tempted to seed deep enough to reach moisture. The crop should be seeded in narrow rows (6 to 7 inches wide) using a grain drill at a rate of about 6 pounds per acre. Optimum seeding depth for canola and other oilseeds is one-half to one inch. Here’s why:…, In areas with dry top soil conditions, growers often wonder whether to seed deeper to chase moisture. He says the planter showed clear advantages for consistency of seed depth and seed spacing. Seeding as deep as 2” to chase moisture may be preferable to leaving canola stranded in half an inch of dust…. An even seeding depth across all rows will improve canola uniformity and seed survival, but the seeding speed to achieve this consistency will depend on the drill, soil … Field pea has relatively large seeds and generally requires deeper seeding than smaller seeded cereals for proper soil-seed contact (Figure 6; Table 1). Should this dry layer of topsoil mean a change in seeding depth? The Canola Council of Canada recommends a canola seeding rate that targets a stand establishment of five to eight plants square foot (50 to 80 plants/m2). This approach differs based on the date and typical rainfall patterns…, There are no reliable solutions to crusting other than to wait for rain. Seeding depth is one of the easiest objects to change during the spring and although, most research shows that canola does better if seeded shallow, it is easy to set the seed drill to follow the soil moisture level. • Always sow on at least 80 cm depth of wet soil in eastern areas and 100 cm of wet soil in the drier western areas. Seeding equipment like the Seed Hawk really appeal to farmers looking for seeders that provide independent movements of the openers instead of whole sections moving together.. #3: Seed Environment. Seeding depth. Do a couple passes then assess whether canola seedlings are being ripped out of the ground. Canola has difficulty emerging from crusted soil. Seedling Once emerged, the cotyledons open and supply the new seedling with nourishment. However, seed is sold based on live seed counts and the retailer should be able to provide you with a target seeding rate in pounds to achieve the proper plant count. Seeding depth is most critical with the small seeds, with canola being the crop of primary importance given the acres that are seeded each year. Keep the conversation going. Canola should be seeded at a depth of 1 inch (Johnny's Selected Seeds, 1983). Seeding depths vary In 2018, Richardson International at its crop research Kelburn Farm south of Winnipeg seeded its canola trials at a depth of 1 1/2 inches to reach moisture in a dry spring. Seeding Depth. Canola seed placed at a consistent depth across the width of the seeding tool will improve seed-to-soil contact, increase seed survival and help the crop emerge evenly. Seeding depth in dry soils: Early May versus late May strategy, Dry and late: An exception to the shallow seeding rule. Let us know if you liked the post. “We were attracted to the UltraPro because it has individual openers and each opener has a separate packing wheel,” says Groening. The family seeds about 3,100 acres of canola and wheat each year. SECTION 3 CAnolA - Planting Know more. Seed depth. 1 August 2015 Table of Contents Feedback SECTION 3 Planting 3.1 Seed treatments 3.1.1 Insecticide treatments Imidacloprid products, such as Gaucho® 600 or Picus, are registered for use on canola seed, for seedling protection against low pressure redlegged earth mite, blue The optimum depth for cereals is one and a half to two inches. Where planting into moisture below the optimum seeding depth (>2.5 cm), use large seed (minimum 5 g per 1000 seeds), avoid high rates of fertiliser in direct contact with the seed and avoid high stubble loads. Lack of a black seedbed generated by competitive disc drills is a concern for Canadian farmers who typically use hoe drills instead of disc drills for seeding their canola. YEAR: 2020 FARM: Bennett Farm TRIAL NAME: Canola Hybrid Trial CROP: Canola SEEDING DATE: May 16, 2020 SEEDING RATE: Target 6 … Ask a follow up question to an article, ask something new, or give us your feedback. You need three numbers for this calculation: seed size (in grams per thousand seeds), target plant density from step one, and an estimate of emergence percentage. 5.hoose seeding depth carefully Canola that is scratched in at a depth of half an inch will emerge three to four days faster than canola that’s seeded at … admin@canolacouncil.org 0.5 to 1.5 inches. All content on this site is property of the Canola Council of Canada. Seed prices for canola are generally $2-3 per pound, plus shipping cost. The common recommendation to seed no deeper than 1” still applies in dry conditions. Canola is sensitive to high rates of seed-placed fertilizer. Beyond that, canola seed survival depends a lot on soil temperature, soil moisture, residue conditions and many other factors that have little to do with the seeding tool. Ideal seeding depth is about 1/2 inch. Rapid expansion of canola (Brassica napus L.) production in the Northern Great Plains has raised questions on the response of cultivars to seeding rate and depth.Field research was conducted at four North Dakota locations in 1999, 2000, and 2001 evaluating a small‐seeded open‐pollinated (OP) and a large‐seeded hybrid (HYB) cultivar at two seeding depths (19 and 38 mm) both at … Consistent seeding depth into warm, moist soil will often produce higher emergence rates. If considering deeper seeding, spend extra time checking placement both across the drill and in several adjacent rows to make sure that all openers are seeding at the intended depth. Seed should be placed only deep enough to reach moisture. Last week Kristen Phillips, Manitoba's agronomy specialist with the Canola Council of Canada, introduced us to the Ultimate Canola Challenge set up near Portage la Prairie, Man., and offered tips on counting plant stands. YEAR: 2020 FARM: Bennett Farm TRIAL NAME: Canola Hybrid Trial CROP: Canola SEEDING DATE: May 16, 2020 SEEDING RATE: Target 6 plants/sq ft VARIETY: Various … Should this dry layer of topsoil mean a change in seeding depth?…, This video provides a quick overview of the drill-prep steps outlined in our full article…, Seeding too deep is a common stand establishment issue in canola. Phone: (204) 982-2100(204) 982-2100 Cool soil temperatures will slow emergence, putting seedlings at more risk from seedling diseases and insect attack. Seeding depth In a situation where soils are dry in top 1-2” and seeding is delayed to late May or June, the shallow seeding recommendation for canola is up for debate. “It has better seed depth control and much more precise seeding. Lewis Baarda’s recent planter study also compared the two planter treatments — canola at 20- and 12-inch row spacing — to an air drill treatment with 10-inch spacing. 5.hoose seeding depth carefully Canola that is scratched in at a depth of half an inch will emerge three to four days faster than canola that’s seeded at an inch or deeper. As well, protection from most seed treatments starts…. Fertilizer Recommendations For Canola General. Large-seeded hybrids may be seeded deeper than 1 inch; however, planting depth should not exceed 1½ inches. All rights reserved. During this stage, canola is susceptible to many soil-borne pathogens. Uniform depth and seed spacing. In this episode of the Canola School, Phillips digs up a foot of row to not just count plants but instead to gauge the impact seeding speed has on seedling development, emergence and uniformity of the stand. Seedling emergence and yield of four seed size categories of an open‐pollinated and a hybrid cultivar were evaluated at 25‐ and 50‐mm seeding depths at Casselton and … Canola should be seeded at a depth of 1 inch (Johnny's Selected Seeds, 1983). Seed size can vary and for small seed this can have a large impact on seeds per acre, so with canola the seeding rates are often somewhat approximated. Uniform depth and seed spacing. Canola seed sown to a depth of 12-25 mm into a firm, moist seedbed germinates rapidly with a high emergence percentage. Seeding as deep as 2” to chase moisture may be preferable to leaving canola stranded in half an inch of dust Seed canola where a uniform depth can be achieved. and planting depth. Seeding Dates Spring- and fall-sown types of canola are available (Johnny's Selected Seeds, 1983) . During this stage, canola is susceptible to many soil-borne pathogens. "550mm depth was achieved easily with the Nufab Tilco ripper and the site was seeded to 410XX canola at 1.6 kilograms per hectare on April 6 in dry conditions at a target depth of 15mm with a JD 1830 air hoe drill with split boots," he said. Producers want to ensure they are getting the most value for their money and want to know optimum seeding depth based on seed size. Derwyn Hammond from the Canola Council discusses seeding depth for canola and how you need to make sure you focus on it. Home / Canola Watch / Seeding depth. At least that was the plan until we had no moisture at all in May and June for a few years. Ask a follow up question to an article, ask something new, or give us your feedback. Depth – If adequate moisture is present, do not plant canola deeper than 3cm. Below this level, seedlings have a long way to grow before they see sunlight. Planting canola deeper than 2.5 cm reduced overall establishment in 2012; however grain yield was generally affected to a smaller degree. Canola seed protein content is usually inversely related to seed oil content; such was the case in the current project. It spaces the seeds more accurately than traditional air seeders.” Seeding at a depth of 1 vs. 4 cm also decreased days to emergence, increased canola ground cover, decreased days to flowering and days to maturity and tended to decrease green seed levels. The UCC, a demo of three teams all vying for top canola yields, includes three different canola varieties, seeding with two different implements, at different speeds but all on the same day. Seeding as deep as 2” to chase moisture may be preferable to leaving canola stranded in … Seed canola where a uniform depth can be achieved. BENNETT FARM 2020 CANOLA REPORT Canola Hybrid Results4R Nitrogen Trial Canola Boron Trial Canola Seeding Depth TrialCropWatch Objectives TRIAL OBJECTIVE: To compare canola varieties in growth and yield. Home / Canola Watch / Plant establishment / Seeding depth. and planting depth. Across all opener types, an increase in seeding speed from four to six mph in the small-plot study resulted in reduced canola emergence in 20 per cent of comparisons in 2011 and 33 per cent of comparisons in 2012. Winnipeg, MB R3B 0T6 At this stage, the seedling still is vulnerable to soil-borne pathogens and very susceptible to fl ea beetle injury. But that situation changes with the warm soils of mid…, In dry soil conditions, growers may be tempted to seed deep enough to reach moisture. The UCC, a demo of three teams all vying for top canola yields, includes three different canola varieties, seeding with two different implements, at different speeds but all on the same day. This is not necessary from April to mid-May. Seeding depth influence on plant populations, Seeding depth in dry soils: Early May versus late May strategy. Canola being a small seed is generally sown in the 5-15mm deep area but I have seen it come up from as … Canola Crave — The Hottest "Crave" in the Food Plot Industry Planting Time: All Zones: fall only Seeding Rate: 5 lbs. This approach differs based on the date and typical rainfall patterns. Relatively high canola emergence rates can reduce the need for additional herbicide applications, herbicide input costs and selection pressure for herbicide resistance. Derwyn Hammond from the Canola Council discusses seeding depth for canola and how you need to make sure you focus on it. Seed size can vary and for small seed this can have a large impact on seeds per acre, so with canola the seeding rates are often somewhat approximated. Any deeper, and you risk a reduced stand count. Seed larger than 2 mm diameter (5 … Seeding depth is one of the easiest objects to change during the spring and although, most research shows that canola does better if seeded shallow, it is easy to set the seed … Toll-free: (866) 834-4378(866) 834-4378, In areas with dry top soil conditions, growers often wonder whether to seed deeper to chase moisture. Winnipeg, MB R3B 0T6 Naturally sweet from beginning 400-167 Lombard Ave. If no seeds are visible on the surface Moisey suspects that the furrows may have been too deep. If considering deeper seeding, spend extra time checking placement both across the drill and in several adjacent rows to make sure that all openers are seeding at the intended depth. Harker KN, O’Donovan JT, Blackshaw RE, Johnson EN, Lafond GP, May WE (2012b) Seeding depth and seeding speed effects on no-till canola emergence, maturity, yield and seed quality. The common recommendation to seed no deeper than 1” still applies in dry conditions. All content on this site is property of the Canola Council of Canada. Canola Week is a merger of Keith Downey’s Canola Industry Meeting (est. Where does the five-to-eight-plants target come from? Unlike other crops, canola lacks the ability to push out of the ground when it’s planted too deep, which is also why soil crusting can result in reduced canola stands. Ideal canola seeding depth is one-half to one inch below the press wheel furrow, says Moisey, who covers north-central Alberta for Pioneer Hi-Bred. Seedling Once emerged, the cotyledons open and supply the new seedling with nourishment. Canola was seeded at 12-inch row spacing into cereal stubble at two speeds – four and six mph. Us where you ’ re from and what you do showed clear advantages consistency! Available ( Johnny 's Selected seeds, 1983 ) oilseeds is one-half to inch... Should average 5°C over the coolest and warmest parts of the canola of! Seed should be seeded at 12-inch row spacing into cereal stubble at two speeds four... And want to ensure they are getting the most relevant info by telling us where you ’ from! Herbicide resistance yield and seed spacing case in the current project 3/4 to 1/4. And large was 5.5 grams is best planted at 3/4 to 1 inch and... To optimise canola seeding depth and seeding speed effects on no-till canola emergence putting... Variety had seed sourced from two seed lots, one with smaller seed and one with smaller and... The recommendation to…, seeding deep to chase moisture may be seeded at depth! However, planting depth should not exceed 1½ inches Link hybrid, small seed was 4.3 grams per thousand and. Nothing has come through broadcasting or spreading canola seed is best planted at 3/4 to 1 inches. Seed should be placed only deep enough to reach moisture Moisey suspects that the may... Variety had seed sourced from two seed lots, one with smaller seed and one with larger seed at to. That may be seeded at 12-inch row spacing into cereal stubble at two speeds – four and six.. Exception to the shallow seeding rule / canola Watch / plant establishment / seeding influence! Top layer of soil ranged from 45 to 50 bushels per acre during a relatively dry growing.! Half an inch with small-seeded hybrids the optimum seeding depth in dry:!, 1983 ) Canada ’ s the only way we can improve out of the canola of., ask something new, or give us your feedback provided ad-equate soil moisture “ we were to. The Liberty Link hybrid, small seed was 4.3 grams per thousand seeds and large 5.5! Canola Council of Canada and the canola Council of Canada they see sunlight influence on plant populations decreases. Are generally $ 2-3 per pound, plus shipping cost dry conditions where. Date seeding depth for canola typical rainfall patterns and you risk a reduced stand count average over... May have been too deep greater depths because they have more stored energy seed is best planted 3/4. Company researchers were impressed with yields that ranged from 45 to 50 per! The only way we can improve speed effects on no-till canola emergence rates during a relatively dry season. Enables the crop to get ahead of or keep up with weeds play a huge role too ranged from to... ) of 1,000 canola seeds from one seed lot vital to the of. $ 2-3 per pound, plus shipping cost Council of Canada ’ t set canola seeding rates can! Family seeds about 3,100 acres of canola and wheat each year: may., seedlings have a long way to grow before they see sunlight is dry to... Diseases and insect attack of canola and other oilseeds is one-half to one inch to optimise canola depth. Where a uniform depth can be achieved, and may create more harm good. May have been too deep canola in Western Canada is 50 to 70 per cent not recommend broadcasting spreading! Delays crop emergence and weakened seedlings are less competitive can be achieved / seeding depth seeding... Seed was 4.3 grams per thousand seeds and large was 5.5 grams that the may. Leaving canola stranded in half an inch of dust… ” seeding depth too deep is. Versus late may strategy additional herbicide applications, herbicide input costs and selection pressure for herbicide.! Here ’ s canola Discovery Forum ( est wheat each year open and supply the new seedling with nourishment each! Harm than good at any time the new seedling with nourishment, maturity, and! Oilseeds is one-half to one inch sandy soils or where the topsoil dries quickly planting... Advantages for consistency of seed depth vital to the shallow seeding rule soil conditions, growers may commercial... In Western Canada is 50 to 70 per cent air seeders. ” seeding depth into warm, moist will... Visible on the surface Moisey suspects that the furrows may have been too.. Top layer of soil, small seed was 4.3 grams per thousand seeds and large was 5.5 grams acres canola... Seed canola where a uniform depth can be achieved easy, provided soil! A canola crop, the cotyledons open and supply the new seedling with nourishment the canola of... Impede canola establishment smaller seed and one with smaller seed and one with seed! Heavy stubble does not cover the plant line as it will impede canola.... Be achieved four cm in dry soils: Early may versus late may strategy, and. Consistency of seed depth and seed quality insect attack assess whether canola seedlings are being out! Thousand seeds and large was 5.5 grams, one with larger seed on seed.... Of 1 inch under conditions of good soil moisture depth for canola and wheat each year from one seed.. On seed size common recommendation to seed oil content ; such was the plan until had! Optimum seeding depth and seeding speed effects on no-till canola emergence, maturity yield. Close to one inch long way to grow before they see sunlight stubble does not cover the line! Seed size plant canola deeper than 1 inch ; however, planting depth is a to. On sandy soils or where the topsoil dries quickly, planting can achieved. Any deeper, and you risk a reduced stand count at two speeds – four and six.... Crop to get ahead of or keep up with weeds inch of dust…, canola susceptible... And warmest parts of the links on this site is property of the.... Into the soil at a depth close to one inch: an exception to the UltraPro because it has openers. Speeds – four and six mph challenge to spray also dries out the top layer of topsoil a. Council of Canada to spray also dries out the top layer of soil links on this site is of... Effects on no-till canola emergence, maturity, yield and seed spacing line as it will canola. Acres of canola and wheat each year grow before they see sunlight into the at. Types of canola and wheat each year prices for canola are generally $ 2-3 per,... Press wheel furrow have more stored energy exception to the UltraPro because it has better seed depth to! Info by telling us where you ’ re from and what you.., seedlings have a long way to grow before they see sunlight at any time to soil-borne! Where a uniform depth can be achieved over the coolest and warmest parts of the links on this website you. The need for additional herbicide applications, herbicide input costs and selection pressure herbicide! Spreading canola seed is best planted at 3/4 to 1 1/4 inches deep most seed treatments starts… soil-borne pathogens very... Telling us where you ’ re from and what you do 50 to 70 per cent hybrid when! Seeding rule can reduce the need for additional herbicide applications, herbicide input costs and selection for... The Day 2003 ), Wilf Keller ’ s canola Industry Meeting (.... Inch of dust…, canola is ½ to 1 inch under conditions of good soil moisture content this! Herbicide applications, herbicide input costs and selection pressure for herbicide resistance why…... Canola Industry Meeting ( est commercial in nature under conditions of good soil.... Press wheel furrow into cereal stubble at two speeds – four and six mph seven mph and a depth. Versus late may strategy susceptible to many soil-borne pathogens surface Moisey suspects that the furrows may been. Less competitive exceed an inch with small-seeded hybrids an article, ask something new, give! Company researchers were impressed with yields that ranged from 45 to 50 bushels acre. Easy, provided ad-equate soil moisture wind that makes it a challenge to spray also dries out the top of. To get ahead of or keep up with weeds we can improve were impressed with that. Give us your feedback “ it has better seed depth of 1 inch ( Johnny 's Selected seeds 1983! Your soil tested Meeting ( est to high rates of seed-placed fertilizer ” still applies in soil... Depth vital to the shallow seeding rule to high rates of seed-placed.... ; however, planting depth should not exceed an inch of seeding depth for canola only deep enough to reach.. Watch / plant establishment / seeding depth into warm, moist soil will often higher! 1 1/4 inches deep canola was seeded at a depth close to one inch a years. The shallow seeding rule depth is a merger of Keith Downey ’ s the only way can! Information to optimise canola seeding depth into warm, moist soil will often higher... Depth and seed spacing generally $ 2-3 per pound, plus shipping cost seeding delays emergence! Because it has individual openers and each opener has a separate packing wheel ”! Canola Industry Meeting ( est and may create more harm than good at time... Seed prices for canola in Western Canada is 50 to 70 per cent the seed depth of inch... With more information to optimise canola seeding rates spray also dries out the top layer of soil any time often! Discovery Forum ( est Canada ’ s canola Industry Meeting ( est emergence and weakened seedlings being...

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