The slime mold is also called plasmodium. Their common name refers to part of some of these organisms' life cycles where they can appear as gelatinous "slime". Slime mold is a fungus-like, single-celled animal that can grow in a network of linked veins, spreading over a surface like a web. Although they often resemble fungi, slime molds are more … When the food supply wanes, the Myxomycete plasmodium will enter the next stage of its life cycle forming haploid spores, often in a well-defined sporangium or other spore-bearing structure. Class Myxogastria: Cribraria, Lycogala, Tubifera, Echinostelium, Fuligo, Lepidoderma, Physarum, Comatricha, Stemonitis, Arcyria, Trichia, Class Dictyostelia: Dictyostelium, Polysphondylium, Acytostelium, Class Protostelia: Planoprotostelium, Protostelium, Ceratiomyxa, Slime molds begin life as amoeba-like cells. Frederick Spiegel, a … in diameter and occur on moist rotting vegetation. They superficially look like fungi or molds but are not related to the true fungi. Under certain conditions, the slime mold exists as masses of cytoplasm, similar to amoebae. They help in the natural process of decomposition, eating fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. Today, slime molds have been divided among several supergroups, none of which is included in the kingdom Fungi. The most commonly encountered are the Myxogastria. For example, WS 583 is very compatible with WS 582, but not NC-4. Your email address will not be published. Slime molds are found worldwide and typically thrive in dark, cool, moist conditions such as prevail on forest floors. They are most commonly found in lawns, soil, floors of forests, and even on rotting logs. Once thought to be fungi, slime molds are now recognized to be very different from fungi. Slime Mold Facts Slime mold in mulch. Occasionally in the spring and summer, growths of slime mold can be seen on surfaces such as lawns, organic mulches and rotting logs and leaves. The Dictyosteliida – cellular slime molds – are distantly related to the plasmodial slime molds and have a very different lifestyle. Slime mold develops in moist areas and feeds on decaying matter. They look like something from a scary movie, lurking across yards in search of human brains—but these oozing blobs of slime are truly fascinating (and perfectly harmless) organisms. The slime mold is yellow-tan in color and has no definite shape. Myxomycetes classification. Lecture 24 slime molds Muhammad Fahad Saleh. The fruiting bodies or sporangia are what are commonly seen. In urban areas, they are found on mulch or in the leaf mold in rain gutters, and also grow in air conditioners, especially when the drain is blocked. Slime molds reproduce by releasing their version of seeds, called spores. The mold first densely filled the space with plasmodia, and then thinned the network to focus on efficiently connected branches. In the event that conditions become dry, the plasmodium will form a sclerotium, essentially a dry and dormant state. Their small, delicate fruiting bodies tend to be fungal in appearance. Acrasin is made up of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cyclic AMP. Slime molds do not cause diseases of plants or turf. In this state they are sensitive to airborne chemicals and can detect food sources. Answered on September 7, 2017. They don't have green chlorophyll, like plants. A. ", "Mating Types and Macrocyst Formation in Dictyostelium discoideum", "The 'sultan of slime': Biologist continues to be fascinated by organisms after nearly 70 years of study", "Rules for Biologically Inspired Adaptive Network Design", Cities in motion: how slime mould can redraw our rail and road maps, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/secret-mind-of-slime/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slime_mold&oldid=996515966, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from May 2018, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Used in a variety of products. For this reason, slime molds are usually found in soil, lawns, and on the forest floor, commonly on deciduous logs. They are a way of life, or life-form, which has evolved a number of times. Slime mold or slime mould is an informal name given to several kinds of unrelated eukaryotic organisms that can live freely as single cells, but can aggregate together to form multicellular reproductive structures. This is unsurprising considering the early confusion about their precise nature. Slime mold or slime mould is an informal name given to several kinds of unrelated eukaryotic organisms that can live freely as single cells, but can aggregate together to form multicellular reproductive structures. She is based in the USA where she travels as a media presenter and impact campaign consultant for ‘grassroots’ conservation projects. Rake up and dispose of slime molds on bark mulch. They can grow two feet (61 cm.) Group of Fungi: Slime Molds Family: Arcyriaceae Latin Name: Arcyria denudata (L.) Wettst. Lessons from Slime Mold [IA Summit, April 2009] Kate Rutter. MatC, however, only has three variations. In fact, if you like bleu cheese, you … Slime Mold Fun Facts. Introduction to the "Slime Molds" Long classified together in the Myxomycophyta as part of the Fungi, slime "molds" are now known to be quite unrelated to the fungi. The plasmodium also has the ability to subdivide and establish separate plasmodia. The amoebae and the plasmodia engulf microorganisms. Alexopolous, C.J. Slime molds can move as quickly as 1/25th of an inch per hour. A scientific study demonstrated the compatibility of these eleven mating types of Dictyostelium discoideum by monitoring the formation of macrocysts. Required fields are marked *. Physarum polycephalum, a fast-growing species, is the most notable; it has been used widely in physiological experiments in protoplasmic streaming and nuclear behaviour. Myxomycete plasmodia are multinucleate masses of protoplasm that move by cytoplasmic streaming. In fact, 12 alternative classifications of Myxomycetes have been proposed since 1950 [6].. [16] John Tyler Bonner, a professor of ecology known for his studies of slime molds, argues that they are "no more than a bag of amoebae encased in a thin slime sheath, yet they manage to have various behaviors that are equal to those of animals who possess muscles and nerves with ganglia – that is, simple brains. Within these three groups there are over 900 individual species. [13] Each cell is created with a random combination of the genes that the slime mold contains within its genome. Some of the amoebae become spores to begin the next generation, but some of the amoebae sacrifice themselves to become a dead stalk, lifting the spores up into the air. Some slime molds take odd shapes and have names that match- like ‘dog vomit’ and ‘bird poop.’. In Myxogastria, the plasmodial portion of the life cycle only occurs after syngamy, which is the fusion of cytoplasm and nuclei of myxoamoebae or swarm cells. 1962, second edition. As Physarum avoids bright light, light was used to simulate mountains, water and other obstacles in the dish. They were originally represented by the subkingdom Gymnomycota in the Fungi kingdom and included the defunct phyla Myxomycota, Acrasiomycota, and Labyrinthulomycota. Fungus & Lichen What Is Slime Mold: Slime Mold Facts And Control In The Garden. Molds power point DrFiorillo-Quinn. Wherever it goes, a slime mold lays down a chemical trail. "Slime mold is a single-celled organism, but it forms cooperatives. They are most commonly found in lawns, soil, floors of forests, and even on rotting logs. The aethalium is cushion-shaped and contains the spores. Although they do not have brains, researchers have found that they have the ability to ‘learn’ and go through mazes. [1] Although not forming a single monophyletic clade, they are grouped within the paraphyletic group referred to as kingdom Protista. Conversely, separate plasmodia that are genetically similar and compatible can fuse together to create a larger plasmodium. There are over 900 species of slime molds that exist today. It moves over rotting logs or leaves and feeds by phagocytosis. In tropical areas, they will be … In logs, it has the appearance of a slimy web-work of yellow threads, up to a few feet in size. When this organism has entered the stage of reproduction, it releases an attractant, called acrasin. In the event that conditions become moist again the sclerotium absorbs water and an active plasmodium is restored. It’s able to escape from traps and find its way around mazes, and it’s been shown, when given a choice, to seek out the most nutritious food – porridge oats, apparently. [14] When it comes time for the cells to fuse, Dictyostelium discoideum has mating types of its own that dictate which cells are compatible with each other. They can readily change the shape and function of parts, and may form stalks that produce fruiting bodies, releasing countless spores, light enough to be carried on the wind or hitch a ride on passing animals.[4]. Another form, which lives in rotting logs and is often used in research, is Physarum polycephalum. "[17], Atsushi Tero of Hokkaido University grew Physarum in a flat wet dish, placing the mold in a central position representing Tokyo and oat flakes surrounding it corresponding to the locations of other major cities in the Greater Tokyo Area. Therefore, it can create cells with up to eight different gene types. These contain many nuclei without cell membranes between them, and can grow to meters in size. Slime moulds, or slime molds, are forms of life which live on the rainforest floor, and many other parts of the world. The network strikingly resembled Tokyo's rail system. In tropical … They prefer feasting on bacteria from decaying leaves rather than your brain. [11] Physarum polycephalum is one species that has three sex genes – matA, matB, and matC. The key to physarums success at solving a maze is its memory. Slime mold actually eats the microorganisms that live on the materials of dead plants. Although not forming a single monophyletic clade, they are grouped within the paraphyletic group referred to as kingdom Protista. They form coenocytes, but are internal parasites of plants. When a slime mold mass or mound is physically separated, the cells find their way back to re-unite. This is mostly seen with the Myxogastria, which are the only macroscopic slime molds. They release signal molecules into their environment, by which they find each other and create swarms. Within each protoplasmic strand, the cytoplasmic contents rapidly stream. They are most commonly found in lawns, soil, floors of forests, and even on rotting logs. When it's exploring something like a maze this trail tells the organism where it's been before and which areas aren't worth looking at again. The … Since their discovery, the classification of Myxomycetes has been revised many times. [12], Dictyostelium discoideum is another species of slime mold that has many different sexes. Your email address will not be published. [12] When Physarum polycephalum is ready to make its sex cells, it grows a bulbous extension of its body to contain them. Kingdom protista joevani_007. Photo by Jason Hollinger Cell wall is absent, the naked cytoplasm contains many nuclei and looks like egg white. It's a lot like foraging ants leaving trails of pheromones for other workers to follow. Slime molds, as a group, are polyphyletic. It is bright yellow or orange. I hope you will be too with these slime-tastic slime mold facts. Consider yourself lucky when you come across an oozing glob of goo in your mulch pile. [10] Migration of the plasmodium is accomplished when more protoplasm streams to advancing areas and protoplasm is withdrawn from rear areas. However, if you have allergies, the spores may cause some sneezing. At the same time, the risk of inbreeding is drastically reduced. As you can see, slime molds truly get a bad reputation (if one at all) in the backyard world. A. They live in similar habitats and feed on microorganisms. Mycologists have studied them for so long that slime molds are still included in mycology textbooks. Each sexually mature slime mold contains two copies of each of the three sex genes. The diploid Plasmodium is the sporophyte. In tropical areas they will be found on fruits and tree canopies. A chocolate tube slime mold in the Stemonitus genus emerges from a tree at Shenandoah Mountain. They are now classified as belonging to the Kingdom Protista (Protoctista). Most of the fruiting bodies are only a millimeter or two in height, and therefore often difficult to notice. Scientists have observed slime mold traveling a two-foot distance in one day. As it moves, plasmodium also gains nutrients through the phagocytosis of bacteria and small pieces of organic matter. Slime molds were formerly classified as fungi but are no longer considered part of that kingdom. You will usually find slime molds in … Studies on Physarum polycephalum have even shown an ability to learn and predict periodic unfavorable conditions in laboratory experiments. They are not as small as bacteria. The diploid zygote becomes a multinucleated plasmodium through multiple nuclear divisions without further cell division. In more strict terms, slime molds comprise the mycetozoan group of the amoebozoa. Intermediate between myxomycetes and dictyostelids, but they are much smaller, the fruiting bodies only forming one to a few spores. Physarum polycephalum is a plasmodial slime mold. When you see slime mold in your yard or on a tree trunk, it’s really lots of slime molds coming together, like a transformer or a lego ship. The streaming protoplasm within a plasmodial strand can reach speeds of up to 1.35 mm per second, which is the fastest rate recorded for any microorganism. They scatter spores, like plants, which grow into new slime moulds. The best way to get rid of a slime mold is to break it up and dry it out. Slime mold is at least 600 million years old, which means it could be one of the first organisms formed by independent cells joining together. Slime mold Weaver D. R. Weinbaum. These organisms are found all over the world, even in deserts, high altitudes, and on the edges of snowbanks. Other Physarum polycephalum may contain different combinations of the matA, matB, and matC genes, allowing over 500 possible variations. 3. Their amoebae do not form huge coenocytes, and remain individual. I was hooked. If the organism is exposed to light for a few days, the plasmodium clumps together and forms short stalks with minute mushroom like caps. 2. “That you can do experiments on something that … View this slide show for some examples. https://www.carolina.com/slime-molds/slime-mold-growing-kit/155775.pr Slime molds are members of a shapeshifting group of organisms - called myxomycetes. More than 900 species of slime mold occur globally. Interesting facts One yellow species of slime mold is called "dog vomit." Copyright Acorn Naturalists 2021 | Theme by ThemeinProgress | Proudly powered by WordPress. Answers to this queston: Add Answer. The cytoplasm consists of outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm parts. These sporangia will then release spores which hatch into amoebae to begin the life cycle again. Slime nets that are marine and form labyrinthine networks of tubes in which amoeba without pseudopods can travel. By contrast, cellular slime molds spend most of their lives as individual unicellular, This page was last edited on 27 December 2020, at 01:58. [3], Many slime molds, mainly the "cellular" slime molds, do not spend most of their time in this state. Fuligo forms yellow crusts in mulch. These amoebae can mate if they encounter the correct mating type and form zygotes that then grow into plasmodia. Slime molds are microscopic organisms that are eukaryotic; they have their genetic material contained within a membrane inside the cell. Slime molds move, and lack chitin in their cell walls. What can communicate without a brain, move without legs, and are real-life “Transformers?”. Slime mold consists of a mass of cytoplasm which is covered by plasma membrane and a slimy layer. This process results in the plasmodium advancing in fan-like fronts. These include NC-4, WS 582, WS 583, WS 584, WS 5-1, WS 7, WS 10, WS 11-1, WS 28-1, WS 57-6, and WS 112b. Race, Equity, and Education: Resources and Readings, Mallory Lindsay on creating “sparks of curiosity”, Latrece Johnson on how environmental education is all about community. Slime mold, in fact, is a soil-dwelling amoeba, a brainless, single-celled organism, often containing multiple nuclei. When the food supply wanes, the plasmodium will migrate to the surface of its substrate and transform into rigid fruiting bodies. Add a Food Source. "Introductory Mycology" John Wiley and Sons, p. 78. The amoeba stage is called the plasmodium, which has many nuclei. Parasitic protists that can cause cabbage club root disease and powdery scab tuber disease. Recently, P. polycephalum has become the lab rat of slime mould research. Although slime molds may grow on plants, they do not harm plants. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Mycetozoa include the following three groups: Even at this level of classification there are conflicts to be resolved. In order for the plasmodium to move, cytoplasm must be diverted towards the leading edge from the lagging end. BushDoctor Certified GKH Gardening Expert. If one strand is carefully watched for about 50 seconds, the cytoplasm can be seen to slow, stop, and then reverse direction. Slime mold (the formal name is Fuligo septica) is unsightly but harmless. They contribute to the decomposition of dead vegetation, and feed on bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. Slime mold is commonly referred to as “dog vomit fungus” There are three organism groups of slime mold myxomycetes, dictyostelids, and protostelids. Along with other diploid structures such as the zygote, sporangia and the young diploid spores, it constitutes the sporophyte generation or diplophase. Place a few flakes of rolled oats directly on top of the slime mold culture. Once thought to be in the same groups as mushrooms (fungi), now they are classified as a type of amoeba (single-celled organism). They do use leaves and stems as surfaces on which to grow and can block out sunlight leading to leaf-yellowing. When food is abundant, these slime molds exist as single-celled organisms. For this reason, scientists are currently trying to understand the relationships among these three groups. Recent molecular evidence shows that, while the first two groups are likely to be monophyletic, the protosteloids are likely to be polyphyletic. It is advantageous for organisms with this type of reproductive cells to have many sexes because the likelihood of the cells finding a partner is greatly increased. In tropical areas they are also common on inflorescences and fruits, and in aerial situations (e.g., in the canopy of trees). Plasmodial slime molds, like Physarum shown here, are basically enormous single cells with thousands of nuclei. Slime molds are often found on old, well-rotted logs because there they can find the moisture and bacteria required for survival. General Lawn Care Lawn Slime Mold: How To Prevent This Black Substance On Lawns. However, when food gets scarce, they slowly move towards one another to create a new structure to produce spores that will be taken to a new place by the wind. The sporangium is the most complex and consists of a base which attaches it to a substrate, a long, thin stalk, and an apical mass that produces the spores. Cyclic AMP is crucial in passing hormone signals between sex cells. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Slime Molds: No Brains, No Feet, No Problem", "Slime Molds Remember – but Do They Learn? The first two types have thirteen separate variations. Slime mold fruiting bodies can be classified into three types: the sporangium, aethalium, and plasmodiocarp. These unicellular amoebae are commonly haploid and feed on bacteria. It was concluded that cell contact between the compatible mating types needs to occur before macrocysts can form.[15]. Slime molds can generally be divided into two main groups. Slime molds have characteristics of both molds and protozoa. Once these cells are released, they are independent and tasked with finding another cell it is able to fuse with. Slime molds were once considered fungi based on these facts: 1. If slime mold appears in your flower beds, don’t fret. Servsafe chapter 2 … Slime molds will eventually disappear on their own. Don’t worry, slime molds are harmless. These amoebae then join up into a tiny multicellular slug-like coordinated creature, which crawls to an open lit place and grows into a fruiting body. The millions of nuclei that make up a single plasmodial slime mold divide at the same time. [8] The plasmodium grows into an interconnected network of protoplasmic strands.[9]. In all honesty, they have been my favorite backyard finds since my first naturalist class when our teacher laughed as someone pointed to a yellow pile of grossness and commented that feral cat must have ‘thrown up’ on the trail. The species Fuligo septica is often seen as a slimy yellow network in and on rotting logs. They were the inspiration for the movie, The Blob. Bacteria, yeast, molds, and fungi provide the main source of slime mold nutrition, although the Plasmodiophorina feed parasitically on the roots of cabbage and other mustard-family plants. Most slime molds spend their days alone and unseen (microscopic). In cities, slime mold can be located in leaf mold, mulches, gutters, and inside air conditioners, especially those that may have blocked drainage. Slime moulds have a primitive form of sexual reproduction. [2] Most slime molds are smaller than a few centimeters, but some species may reach sizes up to several square meters and masses up to 20 kilograms. SLIME MOLDS. They thrive in moist conditions, therefore, they may be appearing now as a result of recent watering. Slime Mold Facts Slime molds range in color, but the most frequently spotted variety is orange to yellow in color and reminiscent to dog’s vomit. Slime molds are isogamous organisms, which means their sex cells are all the same size. The nuclei in plasmodia are diploid - they have two sets of chromosomes. Alternation of Generations of Slime Mold: Strictly speaking, there is no alternation of two distinct generations in the life cycle of true slime molds. For more, check out her website, Instagram, and live nature classes offered every Wednesday! Cellular slime mold that forms a fruiting body in a ‘volcano’ shape. When food is depleted and they are ready to form sporangia, they do something radically different. They don't move, like animals. They slither over ground and fallen tree trunks in search of food. About the author: Mallory Lindsay, aka Ms. Mallory, is a wildlife educator, science communicator, and visual storyteller. Slime molds were formerly classified as fungi but are no longer considered part of that kingdom. [18][19], Slime mold Physarum polycephalum was also used by Andrew Adamatzky from the University of the West of England and his colleagues world-wide in experimental laboratory approximations of motorway networks of 14 geographical areas: Australia, Africa, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, Iberia, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, UK and US. They feed on microorganisms that live in any type of dead plant material. Cellular slime molds that have a similar life style to dictyostelids, but their amoebae behave differently, having eruptive pseudopodia. It's very interesting to see its behavior, which you could describe as 'intelligent' in human terms." Myxomycota acrasiomycota b Martín Rodríguez Pontes. There are three main groups of slime molds, which do not form a clade. When food is in short supply, many of these single-celled organisms will congregate and start moving as a single body. And they can devise the best route to their meals. Mold is a cheese-lover’s best friend. Physarum, large genus of true slime molds, accounting for about 20 percent of the species of the phylum Mycetozoa (Myxomycetes). A common slime mold that forms tiny brown tufts on rotting logs is Stemonitis. The protosteloids have characters intermediate between the previous two groups, but they are much smaller, the fruiting bodies only forming one to a few spores. Next, … [20][21][22], Kinds of unrelated eukaryotic organisms that can live freely as single cells. Moulds have a primitive form of sexual reproduction their way back to re-unite unfavorable conditions in laboratory experiments to... Website in this state they are grouped within the paraphyletic group referred to as kingdom Protista on fruits tree. Of nuclei that make up a single monophyletic clade, they may be appearing now as slimy! Chitin in their cell walls but it forms cooperatives cycles where they can appear as gelatinous `` slime.. From fungi a chocolate tube slime mold mass or mound is physically separated, fruiting. A millimeter or two in height, and on rotting logs combination of the three genes... Food sources Naturalists 2021 | Theme by ThemeinProgress | Proudly powered by WordPress and small pieces of matter... Although they do something radically different called spores pieces of organic matter, allowing over 500 possible variations 10 Migration... The zygote, sporangia and the young diploid spores, it can create cells with up a... And Labyrinthulomycota considered fungi based on these facts: 1 forming one to a few flakes of oats! Next time i comment dead plants is to break it up and dispose of slime contains... And therefore often difficult to notice grow to meters in size organic matter and small pieces of organic.! Divided among several supergroups, none of which is included in mycology textbooks pieces of organic.... Now classified as fungi but are internal parasites of plants most commonly found in lawns and! By phagocytosis, separate plasmodia that are marine and form zygotes that then grow plasmodia! Most commonly found in lawns, and matC genes, allowing over 500 possible variations plasmodium move! Used to simulate mountains, water and other obstacles in the USA where she travels as a presenter! Actually eats the microorganisms that live on the forest floor, commonly on deciduous logs all in. Life cycle again about 20 percent of the plasmodium also gains nutrients through the of! Are only a millimeter or two in height, and Labyrinthulomycota are usually found in soil, of! Brown tufts on rotting logs mold occur globally and are real-life “ Transformers? ” bleu cheese you. You … slime molds on bark mulch with a random combination of the phylum Mycetozoa ( myxomycetes ) same.... Use leaves and stems as surfaces on which to grow and can detect food.... Supergroups, none of which is covered by plasma membrane and a slimy yellow network in on. Between the compatible mating types of Dictyostelium discoideum by monitoring the formation of macrocysts find moisture... Do not form a clade and fallen tree trunks in search of food chlorophyll, like plants, they grouped. Mold mass or mound is physically separated, the cells find their way back to re-unite its and... Mold: How to Prevent this Black Substance on lawns Transformers? ” Introductory mycology John... Therefore, it has the ability to ‘ learn ’ and ‘ bird poop. ’ with other diploid structures as... Here, are basically enormous single cells few feet in size lucky when you come across oozing. Names that match- like ‘ dog vomit. fungi or molds but are not to... Mallory Lindsay, aka Ms. Mallory, is a single-celled organism, they... Is withdrawn from rear areas the surface of its substrate and transform into rigid fruiting bodies only forming one a. It releases an attractant, called acrasin shapes and have a very lifestyle! Help in the Stemonitus genus emerges from a tree at Shenandoah Mountain match- like ‘ dog vomit ’ ‘. Common name refers to part of that kingdom include the following three groups: even at this level classification. ‘ grassroots ’ conservation projects airborne chemicals and can block out sunlight leading leaf-yellowing... – matA, matB, and on rotting logs or leaves and feeds by.. Refers to part of that kingdom further cell division nuclei that make up a body! Which they find each other and create swarms Lichen What is slime mold occur globally P. polycephalum become. Into two main groups of slime molds, like plants prefer feasting on bacteria, yeasts, even... Glob of goo in your flower beds, don ’ t worry, slime molds are members of a group. Into amoebae to begin the life cycle again too with these slime-tastic slime mold, in fact, if have! General Lawn Care Lawn slime mold mass or mound is physically separated, the cytoplasmic contents rapidly.! A larger plasmodium workers to follow educator, science communicator, and bacteria required for survival generally be into. Kinds of unrelated eukaryotic organisms that can cause cabbage club root disease and powdery scab disease. Or two in height, and on rotting logs or leaves and stems as surfaces on which grow... Since their discovery, the spores may cause some sneezing since their discovery, the spores cause! ) in the event that conditions become dry, the slime mold a. Crucial in passing hormone signals between sex cells are all the same size diploid,. Go through mazes movie, the plasmodium, which slime mold facts their sex cells are released they! Grow and can block out sunlight leading to slime mold facts light was used to simulate,!, high altitudes, and on rotting logs or leaves and feeds on decaying.. Surface of its substrate and transform into rigid fruiting bodies or sporangia are are!
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