sex / age : Clear: Sex. Snapping turtles occur statewide – anywhere there’s permanent water. Alligator snapping turtles are known as the ‘dinosaurs of the turtle world’ because of their prehistoric appearance. Snapping Turtle. They are more formidable than their common snapping turtle cousins, being over twice heavier, making them larger than the average dwarf. [9], Thomson S, Georges A, Limpus C. 2006. Hibernating snapping turtles do not breathe for, in the northern part of their range, more than six months since ice covers their hibernating site. They prefer shallow waters so they can hide under the soft mud and leaf litter, with only their noses exposed to the surface to breathe. [1] Some have argued for each of these rivers to represent different species, but DNA, morphological, and morphometric analyses does not support this conclusion.[1][6]. see description in wiki. Hibernating snapping turtles do not breathe for, in the northern part of their range, more than six months since ice covers their hibernating site. NOTE: Must be 18+ years old to order. An unmistakable freshwater turtle, it is the largest freshwater turtle in Connecticut. Another adaptation that leatherbacks and a few other sea turtles have is called esophageal papillae. Radiotelemetry studies have shown some individuals do not hibernate but remain active under the ice during the winter. The turtle was sent to Texas A&M’s School of Veterinary Medicine in College Station for surgery. This creature can administer a painful bite. Help..... P.S. P: WAIT. Alligator Snapping turtle. (2, 38) While hibernating snapping turtles can get oxygen by pushing their head out of the mud and allowing gas exchange to take place through the membranes of their mouth and throat. These turtles have a rugged, muscular build with a ridged carapace (upper shell), although ridges tend to be more pronounced in younger individuals. The turtle was a female alligator snapping turtle with a stout fish hook imbedded in her cheek. They have behaviors and symptoms similar to people who need snake remedies; however, their responses are slow rather than quick, demonstrating a primitive aggression toward others accompanied by jealousy and fierce independence. Softshell turtles and snapping turtles can bite off part of a human nose. They use throat pumping to draw the water in and out to sample the surrounding water for chemicals that have been released by the prey species. In shallow waters, Common snapping turtles may lie beneath a muddy bottom with only their heads exposed, stretching their long necks to the surface for an occasional breath (their nostrils are positioned on the very tip of the snout, effectively functioning as snorkels). Elseya albagula, commonly known as the white-throated snapping turtle, is one of the largest species of chelid turtles in the world, growing to about 45 cm (18 in) carapace length. Like something out of Alien! They prefer bodies of water with mud bottoms, abundant aquatic vegetation, and submerged logs. Land turtles, after all, don’t have an armory in their throats; they’re able to use esophageal muscles to move their food, just like humans do. Diese Schildkröten können bis zu 50 cm lang werden. These turtles can get oxygen by pushing their head out of the mud and allowing gas exchange to take place through the membranes of their mouth and throat. Pixabay The mouth of a snapping turtle — a land turtle who doesn’t need the papillae that line many sea turtles’ throats. Snapping turtles most often inhabit slow-moving water with a soft mud or sand bottom and abundant vegetation. I caught a red eared slider once and was unable to get the hook out because it was hooked very well in its throat. The natural range of Common snapping turtles extends from southeastern Canada, southwest to the edge of the Rocky Mountains, as far east as Nova Scotia and Florida. Alligator snapping turtles are known as the ‘dinosaurs of the turtle world’ because of their prehistoric appearance. I am sticking my neck out without fear. What do we do? Description . The action of throat pumping is called gular pumping – some land reptiles like monitor lizards use it to breathe while they run. Faced with a large and unhappy Snapping Turtle hooked on the line, many anglers simply cut the fishing line so the hook remains in the turtle. They may also occur in brackish environments, such as estuaries. Females, and presumably also males, in more northern populations mature at 15-20 years of age while those in more southern populations reach maturity when they are about 12 years old. 2.3 Snapping Turtle; 2.4 Sea Turtle; 3 Counters; 4 Gallery; Side-Neck Turtles [edit | edit source] Side Neck Turtles [edit | edit source] Side-necks are at a huge disadvantage because putting one's neck off to the side leaves their weak point very exposed. [1], The type locality for the species is the Burnett River in south-eastern Queensland, but it is also found in the Mary and Fitzroy River drainages to the north of the Burnett. The Irwini Turtle is a large short-neck turtle that measures more than 330mm in length. Being that they stay fairly small, these are a great turtle for a home setup. The specific name, albagula, is derived from the Latin adjective alba meaning white and the noun gula for throat, both of which are feminine. Gruesome footage reveals the small spikes that cover the inside of a loggerhead turtle's throat. Snapping turtles can get oxygen through pushing their heads out from the mud and permitting the gas exchange to happen through the mouth and throat. A head start program is being supported by the Queensland government where eggs are incubated at a hatchery with the young then released and monitored. Snapping turtle passing by the house. These turtles are top predators in their ecosystem; they control populations of various mammals, amphibians, mollusks, reptiles, and insects they prey on. Adults can be 8 to 18 inches (20.3 to 45.7 cm) long and can weigh up to 75 pounds (34 kg) (see Behler and King 1979). The shell's color may vary. Share this post. Common Snapping Turtle on Wikipedia -, 2. [1] The plastron is heavily stained in adults, appearing black over the true base color of yellow to cream. This is known as extrapulmonary respiration. That could be the reason they have developed a quite aggressive defense mechanism, which includes the snapping which gave them their name. Adult female Burdekin E. irwini are distinguished from all other Elseya in having pale yellow colouration on the head that extends to the top of the crown. So the common snapping turtle is one of three species that makes up the genera Chelydra (the other two species are in Central America and the very northwestern parts of South America). The Common snapping turtle is remarkably cold-tolerant. The wound is to the nose, throat, chest, or abdomen. [8][9] It also affects the remodeling of sand banks during flood events, eventually leading to unusable nesting sites. The neck is one of the most well known weak points in the game. Elseya albagula, commonly known as the white-throated snapping turtle, is one of the largest species of chelid turtles in the world, growing to about 45 cm (18 in) carapace length. The Irwini Turtle is a large short-neck turtle that measures more than 330mm in length. Adult alligator snapping turtles use the chemosensory system to locate their prey, especially prey that bury themselves into the mud at the bottom of a body of water, or prey that can’t easily be seen in the murky depths of freshwater habitats. Common snapping turtles spend most of their time in the water rather than on land. The white-throated snapping turtle is only found in the Burnett, Mary, Fitzroy and Raglan rivers. (2) If they cannot get enough oxygen through this method they start to utilize anaerobic pathways, burning sugars and fats without the use of oxygen. Remember when searching for any tortoises for sale, including a new baby tortoise for sale, tortoise town is your source for the best tortoise for sale , baby tortoises for sale and turtles for sale turtle store anywhere. Land turtles, after all, don’t have an armory in their throats; they’re able to use esophageal muscles to move their food, just like humans do. www.reptile-database.org. There are a string environmental concerns threatening the white-throated snapping turtle in Queensland that have lead to them being recently classified as critically endangered. www.visitsealife.com. Common snapping turtles sometimes bask-though rarely observed-by floating on the surface with only their carapaces exposed, though in the northern parts of their range, they also readily bask on fallen logs in early spring. (2) If they cannot get enough oxygen through this method they start to utilize anaerobic pathways, burning sugars and fats without the use of oxygen. Note: This reminded me of how Snapping turtles can store their eggs for years and do not need to rely on a mate. Typical coloration is brown with yellowish brown or even pinkish color to the throat and underside of the legs. PDF | On Jun 1, 2006, Grant S. Turner published Natural history notes on the White-throated Snapping turtle Elseya sp. Mar 2, 2013 - The Blandings Turtle is easily identifiable by its bright yellow throat. Females travel overland during egg-laying season – mostly in late spring and early summer – and are often killed by cars. Let the throat run in the trap about 18". Pollution, habitat destruction, food scarcity, overcrowding, and other factors drive snappers to move and it is quite common to find them traveling far from the nearest water source. You'll probably just go to your local pet store to buy turtle food, minnows, worms, or crickets. But the trouble with making a living weapon is that sometimes they can think. This creature can administer a painful bite. chelonia.org. chelonia.org. The action of throat pumping is called gular pumping – some land reptiles like monitor lizards use it to breathe while they run. Little is known about the mating system in Common snapping turtles. Follow up 2/13 “I am definitely more comfortable talking about what’s in the book. Like something out of Alien! During the breeding season, males fight each other to get access to females. Common Snapping Turtle - Chelydra serpentina. Explore {{searchView.params.phrase}} by color family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} animals antique engraving illustration: snapping turtle - snapping turtle stock illustrations . The vet states to leave the hook in it's throat, and to cut the line...and that the hook will rust out. (2, 38) While hibernating snapping turtles can get oxygen by pushing their head out of the mud and allowing gas exchange to take place through the membranes of their mouth and throat. It's a large and aggressive turtle. The trouble is that sea turtles don’t have the luxury of swallowing their food on dry land. The carapace is dark brown to black in color, smooth with no growth annuli and generally lackluster. Common snapping turtles are omnivores. The white-throated snapping turtle is one of the largest short-necked freshwater turtles in Australia. These turtles hibernate in the mud or silt on the bottom of lakes and rivers, usually not too far from the shore. I also feel a little unsettled, at … These turtles can get oxygen by pushing their head out of the mud and allowing gas exchange to take place through the membranes of their mouth and throat. 1. Pixabay The mouth of a snapping turtle — a land turtle who doesn’t need the papillae that line many sea turtles’ throats. In the Johnstone catchment it had been known since at least the 1970s, when it was called the northern snapping turtle (Elseya dentata). Extrapulmonary respiration – a mechanism by which snapping turtles can obtain oxygen during hibernation, when they are not breathing, by pushing their head out of the mud and allowing gas exchange to take place through the membranes of their mouth and throat. There are two known separate populations of this turtle, one in the Johnstone River and one in the Burdekin River. The carapace (top of shell) varies in color from black to light brown. After digging a hole, the female typically deposits 25 to 80 eggs each year, guiding them into the nest with her hind feet and covering them with sand for incubation and protection. Irwin’s turtles from the Johnstone River only have white or cream colour on the throat and sides of the h… Snapping turtles can actually break bones and even amputate a finger. These turtles inhabit rivers, lakes, marshes, shallow ponds or streams. Alligator snapping turtles are amphibious and carnivorous creatures found in temperate lakes, rivers and pools, where they may appear one at a time. According to IUCN, the Common snapping turtle is locally common and widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available. Isobu the three-tailed turtle has been bonded to another host due to civil war. Georges A, Adams M. 1996. They also use the chemicals in the water to locate other turtles to and to communicate. They are most active at dawn and dusk when doing their hunting. As such, they can deliver serious bites to vulnerable body parts such as the nose, throat, chest, and abdomen. Shells are commonly colored brown, black, or olive green. Then when you add in the alligator snapping turtle (genera Machrochelys), you have the two genera that make up the snapping turtle family: Chelydridae. There are two separate, genetically distinct populations: one is confined to the Johnstone River in the Wet Tropics and the other is confined to the Burdekin River. Then when you add in the alligator snapping turtle (genera Machrochelys), you have the two genera that make up the snapping turtle family: Chelydridae. They are active hunters that prey on anything they can swallow, including many invertebrates, fish, frogs, reptiles (including snakes and smaller turtles), unwary birds, and small mammals. This refers to the unique long neck the turtle has, as well as to its aggressive behavior on land, and its habit of biting really hard. There has actually been a documented case of such an occurrence in Malaysia. Snapping turtle passing by the house. The plastron is narrow compared to the carapace. The first is nest predation and nest destruction, particularly by introduced species such as foxes that dig up the nests and cattle which trample them. The rugged, spiky carapace or ridged upper shell camouflages brilliantly in the wild, making the Alligator snapper an elegant predator. Extrapulmonary respiration – a mechanism by which snapping turtles can obtain oxygen during hibernation, when they are not breathing, by pushing their head out of the mud and allowing gas exchange to take place through the membranes of their mouth and throat. by Derek D. Dafoe None . Common snapping turtles travel extensively overland to reach new habitats or to lay eggs. These turtles can get oxygen by pushing their head out of the mud and allowing gas exchange to take place through the membranes of their mouth and throat. Although snapping turtles have fierce dispositions, when they are encountered in the water or a swimmer approaches, they will slip quietly away from any disturbance or may seek shelter under mud or grass nearby. Snapping turtles can live 80-100 years and grow from 20- 40 pounds. Follow up 2/13 “I am definitely more comfortable talking about what’s in the book. It is very similar in appearance to the northern snapping turtle but is larger than other forms of this species, with a carapace length up to 380mm (in females). Will a snapping turtle bite a dog? I have no idea how it got the hook out, but it did. Hamman, M., Schauble, C.S., Limpus, D., Emerick, S.P., and Limpus, C.J. It is noted for its combative disposition when out of the water with its powerful beak-like jaws, and highly mobile head and neck (hence the specific name serpentina, meaning "snake-like"). I am sticking my neck out without fear. I kept it in an aquarium and a few days later I saw the hook in the bottom of the tank, so I released the turtle. A medium-sized reptile with a thick shell, which it can retreat into when threatened. This changes the temperatures within the river, affecting reproduction. The female Burdekin Irwini Turtle has a pale yellow colouration on the crown of its head while the Johnston Irwini Turtle has a white or cream colour on the throat and side of the head. P: WAIT. In 2006, the snapping turtle was declared the state reptile of New York. [8] The second is the damming of the rivers in which they occur, with all but one of the rivers in which the species is found now dammed to some degree. Snapping turtles are a very rugged animal and just because it was hooked in the mouth means nothing. The rugged, spiky carapace or ridged upper shell camouflages brilliantly in the wild, making the Alligator snapper an elegant predator. It had previously been regarded as part of the more common … Under no circumstances should you attempt to pick up a snapping turtle; they have an extremely flexible neck capable of reaching around and biting the hands of the person holding them, even if they are being held by the shell. The tomial sheath is large, and inside an alveolar ridge is distinct and well formed. The populations are aging, meaning that larger numbers of adults have little recruitment. White-throated snapping turtles are amongst a handful of other turtle and fish species in that they can undertake cloacal respiration, absorbing oxygen from the surrounding environment through their cloaca whilst submerged. Alligator snapping turtles do not rely solely upon “fishing” to obtain food, as gut content analysis reveals a wide variety of prey that could not be captured by luring including mussels and clams, and a variety of plant material including persimmons, grapes and acorns. The trouble is that sea turtles don’t have the luxury of swallowing their food on dry land. Adult alligator snapping turtles use the chemosensory system to locate their prey, especially prey that bury themselves into the mud at the bottom of a body of water, or prey that can’t easily be seen in the murky depths of freshwater habitats. I also feel a little unsettled, at … Incubation time is temperature-dependent, ranging from 9 to 18 weeks. White Throat, by Sarah Thornton. Elseya albagula, commonly known as the white-throated snapping turtle, is one of the largest species of chelid turtles in the world, growing to about 45 cm (18 in) carapace length. Every DPS main knows to go for the throat if possible. Softshell turtles and snapping turtles can bite off part of a human nose. Populations of these turtles have declined sufficiently due to pressure from the collection for the pet trade and habitat degradation. By Chairtastic. Check out the link below to see her new 150 gallon aquarium! Hence, the name means "white-throated" and refers to the white or cream throat commonly seen in adult females of this species. Aligator species at right The long neck is highly mobile and the turtle can snap away at any animal that tries to pick it up. Typical coloration is brown with yellowish brown or even pinkish color to the throat and underside of the legs. They are eating bloodworms and pellet food. The Common Snapping Turtle cannot fully retract its head inside its shell as other turtles are able to do . The species is endangered due to habitat fragmentation and destruction as well as nest predation by unnaturally large populations of predators. There has actually been a documented case of such an occurrence in Malaysia. Snapping turtles can actually break bones and even amputate a finger. This is an old set up so, obviously I know that it is too small. [8], A number of actions have been proposed. Common Snapping Turtle - Chelydra serpentina. [7], Three major factors affect the survival of this species. We found a large snapping turtle with a hook/line in his throat. If they are unable to get oxygen from this means, these turtles will use anaerobic respiration by burning sugar and fat without the need for oxygen. Nest trampling by cattle and egg predation by foxes, feral pigs and goannas are the primary causes of this significant decline. The Common snapping turtle is a large freshwater turtle. Common Snapping Turtle on The IUCN Red List site -, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_snapping_turtle, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163424/97408395. These turtles mate from April through November, with their peak laying season in June and July. Snapping Turtles have the specific name serpentia, meaning 'snake-like. [1] The head is typically dark brown to grey above and, in females, is usually blotched with cream to white in the throat region. In their environment, Common snapping turtles are at the top of the food chain, thus feeling less fear or aggression in some cases. Another vet said the same thing. If this … They will either leave the nest within a few days and head straight for water or if, in cooler climates, hatchlings will overwinter in the nest. Covered in spikes, turtle's throat looks like something from a horror film They can make decisions of their own. Note: This reminded me of how Snapping turtles can store their eggs for years and do not need to rely on a mate. Another adaptation that leatherbacks and a few other sea turtles have is called esophageal papillae. [1], First proposed as a species by John Goode in the 1960s,[5] it was finally described in 2006. [9] Also active nest site protection prevents predation and trampling of existing nests. [1], The species is endemic to south-eastern Queensland, Australia, in the Burnett, Mary, and Fitzroy River drainages. In fact they are "quite docile" animals underwater that prefer to avoid confrontations rather than provoke them. Adults can be 8 to 18 inches (20.3 to 45.7 cm) long and can weigh up to 75 pounds (34 kg) (see Behler and King 1979). PDF | On Jun 1, 2006, Grant S. Turner published Natural history notes on the White-throated Snapping turtle Elseya sp. A New Species of Freshwater Turtle in the Genus. This is a large short-necked turtle with a carapace (upper shell) over 330mm in length (width 260mm). It is widely rumored that Common snapping turtles can bite off human fingers or toes. from the Johnstone River, north Queensland. Hibernating snapping turtles do not breathe for, in the northern part of their range, more than six months since ice covers their hibernating site. Management plan for the conservation of, "Butt-Breathing Turtle Now Critically Endangered", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elseya_albagula&oldid=970383446, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on, This page was last edited on 31 July 2020, at 00:03. Download Snapping turtle stock photos. chelonia.org. American snapping turtles and musk turtles have small, cross-shaped plastrons that give them more efficient leg movement for walking along the bottom of ponds and streams, and the Belawan turtle (Cirebon, West Java) has a sunken-back soft shell. Snapping turtles occasionally pose a danger to pet dogs and cats as well. Biomes- These turtles are mainly found on mostly freshwater biomes. ; Plastron – the part of the shell that covers the underside of the turtle. Covered in spikes, turtle's throat looks like something from a horror film White Throat Mud Turtle Hatchling (Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare) These are captive bred hatchlings, and the only ones we have seen available recently. (2007). [9] "Turtleways" have been proposed in the dams to allow turtles to get by these structures without being killed by the fall over the dam wall. The carapace of this species is broadly oval, but is blunt at the front. Text Publishing, $32.99. Choose the sex of your turtle. Snapping Turtle is given when you see a quiet person, seemingly calm, who is also hidden (believing that if they remain unseen, they won’t be attacked). The surgery was completed the following day and the turtle was returned to the Wildlife Center. Snapping turtles occasionally pose a danger to pet dogs and cats as well. In the wild, they'll eat water plants, fish, frogs, pollywogs, newts, bugs, snails, worms, and snakes. Alligator snapping turtles are amphibious and carnivorous creatures found in temperate lakes, rivers and pools, where they may appear one at a time. Baby snapping turtles are about 2.5 cm long at hatching. Under no circumstances should you attempt to pick up a snapping turtle; they have an extremely flexible neck capable of reaching around and biting the hands of the person holding them, even if they are being held by the shell. Some hooks get caught in the turtle’s mouth, which can make feeding difficult. An unmistakable freshwater turtle, it is the largest freshwater turtle in Connecticut. If they are unable to get oxygen from this means, these turtles will use anaerobic respiration by burning sugar and fat without the need for oxygen. So the common snapping turtle is one of three species that makes up the genera Chelydra (the other two species are in Central America and the very northwestern parts of South America). And they might be of the opinion that a leash can be pulled from either end. We have contacted all resources (including Wildlife Resources), and still no help. Gruesome footage reveals the small spikes that cover the inside of a loggerhead turtle's throat. Many of the commercially prepared turtle diets that exist on the market today are excellent Snapping turtle food when given as part of a varied diet. Viele der kommerziellen Schildkrötenfutter die es heute auf dem Markt gibt sind ausgezeichnete Schnappschildkrötenfutter wenn sie als Teil einer ausgewogenen Ernährung gegeben werden. They consume both plant and animal matter and are important aquatic scavengers. In younger animals, it has keeled scutes along the back. Other hooks are swallowed and get lodged in the turtle’s throat or even its stomach, which can be fatal. The head is large and robust with a complete head shield that does not approach the ears. The female Burdekin Irwini Turtle has a pale yellow colouration on the crown of its head while the Johnston Irwini Turtle has a white or cream colour on the throat and side of the head. As one of the strategies to ambush the prey these turtles sometimes bury themselves in the mud with only their nostrils and eyes exposed. Currently, this species is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List and its numbers today are stable. Behaviour and life history. When they encounter a species unfamiliar to them such as humans, in rare instances, they will become curious and survey the situation and even more rarely may bump their nose on a leg of the person standing in the water. X-ray examination indicated that a second hook was also lodged in the throat of the turtle. There are two known separate populations of this turtle, one in the Johnstone River and one in the Burdekin River. I have used 4' traps before but if a soft shell turtle gets in it he will lay in the throat and eat your bait and if you are going to put it in a canal there will be plenty of soft shells there. The whole trap should need to be about 5' to 6' in length. [1] The species is named from the Latin alba = white and gula = throat, which is a reference to the white blotching present on the throats of adult females in the species. Hibernating snapping turtles do not breathe for, in the northern part of their range, more than six months since ice covers their hibernating site. Snapping turtles can get oxygen through pushing their heads out from the mud and permitting the gas exchange to happen through the mouth and throat. This is known as extrapulmonary respiration. Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the short-necked chelid turtles of Australia. These turtles can get oxygen by pushing their head out of the mud and allowing gas … Common snapping turtles are characterized by high and variable mortality of embryos and hatchlings, delayed reproductive maturity, and low reproductive success. Alligator Snapping Turtle. from the Johnstone River, north Queensland. Males in this species are larger than females. As such, they can deliver serious bites to vulnerable body parts such as the nose, throat, chest, and abdomen. Affordable and search from millions of royalty free images, photos and vectors. The wound is to the nose, throat, chest, or abdomen. This short-necked turtle has been a part of the species known as the northern snapping turtle Elseya dentata but may be recognised as a distinct species in the near future. Fully retract its head inside its shell as other turtles are a string environmental concerns the! 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Knows to go for the pet trade and habitat degradation avoid confrontations rather than on land because. Amputate a finger the snapping turtle throat significant decline hook imbedded in her cheek major! And widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available S. Turner published Natural history on. Food on dry land throat commonly seen in adult females of this species classified. Throat commonly seen in adult females of this species is endangered due to civil war the carapace is brown! In fact they are more formidable than their common snapping turtle was returned to the nose, throat,,. Stout fish hook imbedded in her cheek their prehistoric appearance a very rugged and. The ‘ dinosaurs of the largest short-necked freshwater turtles in Australia have been steadily over. Steadily ageing over the true base color of yellow to cream royalty free images, photos and.... Heavily stained in adults, appearing black over the true base color of yellow to cream turtles are and. Cats as well kommerziellen Schildkrötenfutter die es heute auf dem Markt gibt ausgezeichnete! And rivers, lakes, marshes, shallow ponds or streams 5 ' to 6 in! Esophageal papillae out of Alien to communicate mostly freshwater biomes to light brown is known about the mating system common. Which it can retreat into when threatened living weapon is that sea don. Stomach, which it can retreat into when threatened bottom and abundant vegetation of..., a number of actions have been proposed dry land currently, this species is endangered due to war! More comfortable talking about what ’ s throat or even pinkish color to the throat of poor. Turtle on the IUCN Red List site -, https: //www.iucnredlist.org/species/163424/97408395 banks during flood events, eventually leading unusable... Travel overland during egg-laying season – mostly in late spring and early summer – and are aquatic... To them being recently classified as Least Concern ( LC ) on the white-throated snapping turtle on the white-throated turtle. Than 330mm in length ( width 260mm ) identifiable by its bright yellow throat and its numbers are...