The military answered with a series of punitive expeditions designed to break the resistance, and in Sulu these culminated in a massacre in March 1906 of close to 1,000 Moros, including many women and children, who had garrisoned themselves in the crater of an extinct volcano, Bud Dajo, in Jolo. 170 Mindanao Herald (22 August 1908). The Spanish refusal to cooperate with the Dutch and the British again demonstrated that the main concern for the Spanish was not the suppression of piracy but the assertion of their control over the Sulu Archipelago. The Americans were informed by the Dutch authorities that the perpetrators were hiding in a village on Jolo. Eleven besides myself were brought to this island as slaves – 3 women and 3 children (females), 6 males (2 boys and 4 grown men), all were brought from near Cotabato … We came from Cotabato and landed at Patotol, where 8 were sold; from Patotol we left for Parang; Selungan met Akir and asked him to sell the slaves; there were 12 slaves then; we were all taken to Wuolo by Akir, who sold some of them, 6 (3 women and 1 girl child, 1 man, and 1 boy). When American troops arrived at the scene the following day they were unable to catch any of the perpetrators, and they managed only to retrieve a lamp from Nancy, despite a thorough search operation in a nearby village, where Jikiri was believed to have disposed of the goods.Footnote 174, By now the depredations were beginning to have palpable economic effects. Huynh Luu Phuong, Nguyen Jikiri’s band were forced to retreat, reportedly taking four dead comrades and a number of wounded with them.Footnote 181, A few days later, after an unsuccessful attack on a Greek sponge fisher on the island of Latuan, Jikiri and his band landed on the small island of Simunul (Simonore) in Tawi-Tawi, where an English trader and a former American soldier were murdered. Some of the Chinese merchants who survived the raid on Maibung even claimed that the Sultan had received warning of the impending raid but had failed to share it with them.Footnote 168, By mid 1908 Jikiri had evaded capture for more than half a year and appeared to be growing increasingly confident, which allowed him to expand his operations and recruit more followers. The United States took over Spain’s colony in the Philippines in 1899 and managed initially to maintain reasonable maritime security, although attacks against indigenous fishermen and Chinese traders and pearl fishers continued. As a consequence, the Army’s maritime capacity in the southern Philippines was strictly limited and insufficient to uphold maritime security.Footnote 97, In the middle of May 1899 the situation for the Spanish troops in Zamboanga became untenable after the garrison was attacked by nationalists who managed to cut off their water supply. 5 Recopilación, 64−6. 150 Mindanao Herald (30 March 1907); cf. The failure of Steever’s attempt to settle the compensation question occurred about a month before the first known attack by Jikiri in November 1907, and probably influenced his decision to take to piracy. In October 1909, as the trials against the surviving members of Jikiri’s band were still going on, an American-owned plantation on Basilan was raided, and a large amount of moveable property was stolen. The newspaper also called for prompt and resolute action by the government for a ‘salutary lesson’ to be taught to the ‘murderous bands of vagabond Moros’ who terrorised the Basilan coast. The principal idea, according to Santiago Patero, was to let the natives go through a transitional period of ‘proper and marked humility’ [conveniente y marcada humildad], which would serve completely to ruin their commerce, destroy their boats, make them lose their capacity to build them, and to turn the natives, by force or by necessity, to the agricultural life.Footnote 66. See also Tan, ‘Sulu under American Rule’, 76–7. There are several pearl beds in the group, and marine resources include button shell, mother-of-pearl, coral, shark fins, bêche-de-mer (sea cucumbers), turtle shells, turtle eggs, and sponges. A few years after the Spanish conquest of Jolo an Austrian ethnographer, Ferd. 6 Majul, Muslims in the Philippines, 281; Bando del gobernor de Filipinas, in Montero y Vidal, Historia de la piratería, 2, Appendices, 29−31. The commercial and territorial rivalry was particularly strong between Great Britain and Spain. 12 Cf. There is no evidence, moreover, that the Sultan or the leading Sulu datus would have sponsored or tacitly tolerated piratical activities, although Wood claimed that the Sultan and the other signatories to the Bates Agreement were incapable of fulfilling their part of the agreement with regard to, among other things, the suppression of piracy. Those pearl-beds had been owned by families for more than a hundred years, and were as much personal property as the oyster-beds of New Jersey or Virginia. Grayscaled map with lakes and.. 112 ARGMP (1904), 6–7; see also ‘The humble petition of the residents, traders, and natives of Bongao, Tawi Tawi’, 1 October 1903, cited in Report of General Wood as to abrogation of Bates Treaty, 16 December 1903, in Annual Report of the Philippine Commission [henceforth ARPC] 1 (1903), 508−9. 158 This is a condensed account of Jikiri’s depredations, based on Eklöf Amirell, ‘Pirates and Pearls’. According to a Protocol from 1885 between Britain, Germany and Spain, fishing in the Sulu Archipelago was free for all, and the firm consequently did not feel obliged to ask the sultan – who had not been consulted in the negotiations that led to the Anglo–German–Spanish agreement − for permission to fish for pearls in the waters off Jolo, nor to pay him for the privilege of doing so. 140 Footnote Ibid., 422; Wood, Third Annual Report, 1 July 1905–16 April 1906, ARGMP, 6 (1906). The arrangement seems mainly to have been aimed at supporting the American effort to win the Philippine–American War, however, and at least before 1902 there were few gunboats in operation in the Sulu Archipelago. Violence to eliminate indigenous maritime commerce hampered the efforts to defeat Jikiri and his band among because... 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