history of darjeeling

The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, also known as the DHR or the Toy Train, is a 2 ft (610 mm) gauge railway that runs between New Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling in the Indian state of West Bengal.Built between 1879 and 1881, it is about 88 km (55 mi) long. The persistent rain also results in less complete withering and oxidization during the processing stage. The British envoy was openly insulted and returned to Darjeeling. It is noted for its tea industry, its views of Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest mountain, and the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. elections, panchayat, law and order, revenue, etc. The attacks by the leafhopper and moth release defensive chemicals from the plant and naturally begins oxidation process within the leaves. Tea pluckers in Darjeeling Darjeeling: The Darling of Indian Teas Typically “Darjeeling tea” refers to a black tea that is light to medium-bodied with fruity and floral notes, and perhaps a touch of briskness. At the time, the British were seeking an alternative supply of tea apart China and attempted growing the plant in several candidate areas in India. No one has cared to examine the source from where this figure has been derived. It was entirely surrounded by the Raja’s dominions – entry and exit being restricted to a narrow path, which included the sites of Darjeeling and Kurseong towns and touched the plains near Pankhabari. Each tea estate operates their own equipment so that processing can begin the same day as plucking. Time and again the little kingdom had to defend itself against attacks from Nepal. The history of Darjeeling dates to the era when, the present area of Darjeeling was a buffer state between Nepal and Bhutan. With foreign policy and national defense in the hands of India the political influenc… The name ‘Darjeeling’came from the Tibetan words,’dorje’meaning thunderbolt (originally the scepter of Indra) and ‘ling’a place or land, hence ‘the land of the thunderbolt’. Production methods again shifted in the 1990s as Western Europe and Japan replaced the collapsed Soviet Union as Darjeeling's principal customers and new garden managers were bringing the principles of biodynamic agriculture to their practices. The sorting of the dried product according to tea leaf grading is completed and shipped to Kolkata for auctioning, though many estates sell privately under contracts. They have developed a unified ethnic identity and advocated for independence from West Bengal. The riots between the West Bengal government and the Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) were so strong that Indian Army was called upon to maintain law and order. Sikkim was a protectorate first of British India and after its independence in 1947 of India. The West Bengal government is also involved in providing regulatory supervision of numerous aspects of estate operations, including land use and labour agreements. Darjeeling teas, especially the first flush, tend to be withered longer than other black teas; a hard wither can reduce a leaf's water content by more than half, affecting polyphenol oxidase activity and leaving a more green appearance. The history of Darjeeling Tea invariably starts with the arrival of Dr.Campbell, in 1839, who may undoubtedly be credited to be called as the founding father of Darjeeling Tea. In the meantime, the British were engaged in preventing the Gorkhas from overrunning the whole of the northern frontier. What the Raja got in return immediately was a gift parcel – one double barreled gun, one rifle,one 20 yards of red-broad cloth, 2 pairs of shawl- one superior quality and the other of inferior quality. Some estates create green or white teas from these as they demand less withering and no oxidation, however, when completed as black tea this flush is often sold below the cost of production for use in blending and domestic consumption. Camellia sinensis was first planted in the Darjeeling area in 1841 by Archibald Campbell who was working for the East India Company in this jungle-covered, sparsely-populated area to develop a hill station for use by the British stationed in Kolkata. Release of Grants in Aid to GTA for State Development Schemes and Administrative Expenditure. He devoted himself to the task of developing the station, attracting immigrants to cultivate the mountain slopes and stimulating trade and commerce. These annexations by the Gurkhas, however, brought them into conflict with the British. Nepal and Bhutan, alarmed at British presence in the Himalaya accused Sikkim of selling out to the foreigners. Prior to its acquisition by the East India Co. in 1835, Darjeeling formed a part of Sikkim and for a brief period of Nepal. Whilst the Darjeeling area was originally occupied by the Lepcha, it was not particularly developed as an area until the introduction of tea plants (from China) by the British in the early 19th century. The word Darjeeling is derived from a Lepcha word ‘ Dorjeling ’ meaning the Land of Thunderbolt. No. The first commercial tea gardens were established in 1856 and by 1866 there were 39 tea gardens in Darjeeling,[citation needed] including the Makaibari Tea Estate which had established the region's first processing factory for withering and oxidation, necessary for the product to survive the months long journey down to Kolkata and over to Britain. With more area being opened for tea crops at the expense of natural area and the introduction of pesticides and fertilizers, yields increased from 7.8 to 10 million kilograms between 1950 and 1960, though this came at the cost of increased soil instability. © Darjeeling District Administration , Developed and hosted by National Informatics Centre,Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology. [4], After the British nationalized the East India Company it only ever leased the lands to tea garden owners on 30 year basis and maintained the practice of only permitting 40% to be used for tea crops with 40% being left natural and 20% for housing and facilities. Serve as a base for the defence of the trade route to Tibet through Sikkim. Labour relations are complex as, in addition to the seasonal influx of temporary workers, the permanent workers can be permanent residents of the estates where, pursuant to the Plantations Labour Act, housing, education, health and other services are provided by the estate, in addition to a base salary. The 15th of August, 1947 saw India becoming a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular & Democratic Republic. Franklin Prestage, an agent of the Eastern Bengal Railway, approached the government with a proposal to lay a steam tramway from Siliguri to Darjeeling. Knowing a brief account of the creation of such a precious treasure facilitates greater understanding and appreciation. From its commanding height, the whole of Sikkim and the neighbourhood could be observed and protected. Their high tannin content allows them to be paired well with carbohydrate-rich foods, such as baked goods and pasta. are still handled by the district administration. Environmental factors combined with a history of organized cultivation and processing has created a terroir unique to Darjeeling tea. From a Report dated 18th June 1829, in which he claims to have been the only European, who visited the place. Defeat of the Gorkhalis led to the Treaty of Sugauli,1815 in which, ‘Nepal had to cede all those’ territories the Gorkhas had annexed from the Raja of Sikkim to the East India Company. Provisions of the said Act came into force with effect from the 14th day of March 2012 except the provision of section 74. Release of RIDF loans for rural infrastructure development of areas under GTA. However neither the history of Sikkim, nor the history of Nepal furnish any account of its early history. The state’s name is derived from the Limbu words su him, meaning “new house.” The Lepcha were early inhabitants of the region, apparently assimilating the Naong, Chang, Mon, and other tribes. Yields had reached 14 million kilograms in 1994 but, with organic practices over much of the tea gardens, yields fell to an average of 9 million kilograms[7] in the late-2010s. History. Despite a limited exemption for the tea industry the 1973 Foreign Exchange Regulations Act the new foreign ownership limitations resulted in Indian nationals becoming majority owners of the Darjeeling tea industry. These first two flushes are the most sought after by tea connoisseurs. The leaves are first brought indoors where they are air blown overnight to dry them sufficiently so that their cells can be ruptured, initiating oxidation, when rolled without breaking the leaf. The valley… In 1839 Dr. Campbell, the Br. Darjeeling: The Colorful History and Precarious Fate of the World’s Greatest Tea was an absolutely fabulous read. The historical backdrop of Darjeeling gardens goes back to 1847 when the then government chose to set our Darjeeling Tea nurseries for experimentation and development. The place was mostly inhabited by the Lepchas and the Kirati people. Raja of Sikkim confined to mountainous hinterland and cut off from all access to the plains except through British territory. Cumulatively, they cover 17,500 hectares of land. While general tea flavours are created by thearubigins and theaflavins, chemical analysis on Darjeeling teas show their unique muscatel flavour is the result of 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol and 2,6-dimethyl-3,7-octa-diene-2,6-diol, with other aromatic compounds coming from linalool, benzyl alcohol, cis-3-hexenol, α-farnesene, benzyl nitrile, indole, nerolidol and ocimene. And control of the remainder was wrested from them by the Gurkhas who invaded Sikkim in 1780, following the consolidation of the latter's rule in Nepal. History of Darjeeling is quite unique, interesting and even entertaining. Critical issues viz. We learn that Lloyd visited ‘the old Gorkha Station called Darjeeling’, for six days in Feb. 1829 and ‘was immediately struck with it being well adapted for the purpose of a sanatorium’ (he was apprehensive of the winters suggested Ging). Ashley Eden, lieutenant governor of Bengal, formed a committee to assess the project's feasibility. After the formation of The Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council Act, the role of district administration has changed from being a manager to a key player. While the original plantings succeeded, Campbell moved to Lebong where he and several other residents planted a new batch, in 1846, of both varieties (sinensis and assamica). 6,000 was stopped and the British annexed 640 square miles of additional territory from Sikkim. In Nov. 1864, the treaty of Sinchula was executed in which the Bhutan Duars with the passes leading into the hills and Kalimpong were ceded to the British. Darjeeling Paperback – 31 Dec 1899 by Frederic P. Miller (Author) A concise history of the Darjeeling district since 1835 Paperback – 1 Jan 1922 by E. C. Dozey Concise History of The Darjeeling District Since 1835: With a Complete Itinerary of Tours in Sikkim and The District Hardcover – … Matters related to Board of Administration, GTA. The Tea Board of India recognizes 87 tea estates (also called "tea gardens") as producers of Darjeeling tea. In 1841 the Govt. Through the years, it has not rested on its laurels but taken the achievements as a base and striven for excellence. The warm and wet weather of monsoon flush rapidly produces leaves but they are less flavourful and often used for blending. The history of Darjeeling Tea is intertwined with the history of Darjeeling built over 150 years from the time of the British Raj. less than 70 European houses had been built; A System of justice had been introduced in line with the tribal system; Experimental cultivation of tea, coffee and fruits had been introduced. Inspite of all these, most of the tract that now comprise Darjeeling consisted of uninhabited impenetrable virgin forests. There was also rumors of a planned attack on Darjeeling. The tea seeds were planted in the Darjeeling area as the English traders were wary about only having one supplier for their tea – China. So often with food history books, the writer gets so tied up in the cold information and forgets to make the reader feel attachment to the subject. [3] Darjeeling's population had grown from less than a 100 in the 1830s to 95,000 people with 100 tea gardens in 1885, predominately Indian Gorkha and Lepcha migrants from Nepal and Sikkim, as the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the use of steamships and the Suez Canal reduced shipping times. Following Indian independence in 1947, practices shifted as British began to sell their stakes in the gardens to Indians and the 1953 Tea Act put the tea industry under the regulatory jurisdiction of the Tea Board of India. The Chinese variety (sinensis) was planted in Saharanpur B… Hill Affairs Branch of the Home and Hill Affairs Department, Government of West Bengal, is the nodal branch to look after the matters of Gorkhaland Territorial Administration. A Scottish explorer and botanist named Robert Fortune smuggled tea seeds from China nearly 200 years ago. Accordingly, GTA Sabha was constituted on 02.08.2012 with forty-five elected members and five members nominated by the Governor. N.B. [15] Some tea estates will produce a batch of Darjeeling oolong tea by limiting the amount of oxidation. Thus, Darjeeling was gifted to the Britishers. history of loreto The Loreto Sisters came to India in 1841 at the invitation of the then Archbishop of Calcutta, Dr. Carew. History Edit. connected Darjeeling on the South with British districts of Purnea and Rangpur Jalpaiguri. The Darjeeling Tea Association (affiliated with the Indian Tea Association) is the trade association that represents the tea estates and exporters in business and labour affairs. The autumn flush produces teas similar, but more muted, to the second flush. The Darjeeling district can be said to have assumed its present shape and size in 1866 is 1234 sq. Thereafter, the district administration has been continuously upholding the values that the country was based on. In 1835 the nucleus of the present district of British Sikkim or Darjeeling was created by a cession of a portion of the hills by the raja of Sikkim to the British as a sanatorium. General Lloyd was accordingly deputed to start negotiations with the Raja of Sikkim for the transfer of Darjeeling in return for an equivalent in money or land. As Darjeeling teas are low in malt and bitter characteristics and is appreciated for its delicate floral and fruit aromas, milk and sweeteners are typically not added. It was in 1839 when Dr. Archibald Campbell came as a Superintendent of Darjeeling, the first possibility of cultivating Darjeeling tea came up. A series of wars followed, eventually leadi… E.C.Dozey in his ‘Darjeeling Past and Present’, writes, ‘Prior to the year 1816, the whole the territory known as British Sikkim. The Chinese variety (sinensis) was planted in Saharanpur Botanical Gardens and propagated in other Himalayan gardens where Campbell had acquired seeds from Kumaun via Nathaniel Wallich. The tea leaves are processed as black tea, though some estates have expanded their product offerings to include leaves suitable for making green, white and oolong teas. As Darjeeling tea gained a reputation for its distinctiveness and quality, it was marketed more to Western Europe with many estates acquiring organic, biodynamic and Fairtrade certifications and the Tea Board of India pursuing authentication and international promotion of Darjeeling teas. Unlike when you see a retro laundromat façade and then walk inside to discover a hipster coffee shop with $15 avocado toast, Jeff Koehler’s “Darjeeling: A History of the World’s Greatest Tea” is not an ironically-titled wine book in disguise. Having acquired the Hill Territory of Darjeeling, Gen. Lloyd and Dr. Chapman were sent in 1836 to explore the tract, to ascertain the nature of the climate and to investigate the capabilities of the place. These are ideal conditions for the Camellia sinensis sinensis plant which flourishes with well-drained, slightly acidic soils, with periods of dormancy, and limited direct sunlight.[13]. Being on the sides of the hills, at high elevations where cool dry air interacts with warm moist air, there can be persistent fog or cloud cover during the growing months. [9][22] This also complicates wage negotiations as marginal increases are feared to come at the expense of a loss of social services. miles. [16], With the exception of the first flush, orthodox (ie. Initially he lived in Kurseong for a short while where he experimented with the tea saplings that were sent from Calcutta. A summer resort for British officials to escape the heat in the plains. As per Memorandum of Agreement signed between Government of India, Government of West Bengal and Gorkha Janmukti Morcha, Gorkha Territorial Act XX of 2011, having been assented to by the President of India was first published in Kolkata Gazette, Extraordinary of the 12th March 2012. It is oft It comprised the entire ‘Sikkim Morung or Terai’ i.e. the Siliguri sub-division and in the hills ‘ the whole southern part of Sikkim, between the Great Rangeet and the plains of India, and from Nepal on the west to the Bhutan frontier and the Teesta river on the east’. The story of Darjeeling becoming a tea growing region was influenced by China, England and Scotland. The Nepalese marched till the east of Sikkim in 1780 as far as Tista River. Between Siliguri and Darjeeling, Tonga services ran on a cart road – the present-day Hill Cart Road. Herbert to examine and map the tract of land along with Grant with special reference to its strategic and communication benefits. The Diwan fled and the old Raja abdicated in favour of his son. The name ‘Darjeeling’came from the Tibetan words,’dorje’meaning thunderbolt (originally the scepter of Indra) and ‘ling’a place or land, hence ‘the land of the thunderbolt’. For every 150 milliliters (​2⁄3 cup) of water used, 2 to 3 grams (one tablespoon) of loose leaf tea is added. But this created another problem for the king of Sikkim. Little is known of Sikkim’s history prior to the 17th century. Constitutional Amendments required for GTA matters. Darjeeling (Bengali: [ˈdarˌdʒiliŋ], Nepali: [darˈd͡ziliŋ]) is a city and a municipality in the Indian state of West Bengal.It is located in the Lesser Himalayas at an elevation of 2,000 metres (6,700 ft). Siliguri, at the base of the Himalayas, was connected with Calcutta (now Kolkata) by a metre gauge railway in 1878. [14], Darjeeling teas are best known for the muscatel flavour, described as a "musky spiciness," [17] "a unique muscat-like fruitiness in aroma and flavour,"[18] that develops in the second flush and is present to a lesser degree in the subsequent autumnal flush. Darjeeling, as a place, grabbed him as forcefully as the tea. Occasionally, actions of the Gorkhaland movement have disrupted operations of the Darjeeling tea estates, such as the 2017 bandh. Sikkim undertook to complete the remaining part. Their Reports proved the feasibility of establishing a sanatorium in Darjeeling. In the meantime trouble arose with the adjoining state of Bhutan. A land-mark year in the History of Darjeeling was 1835, but it would be appropriate to trace its History before that. Darjeeling tea is a tea made from Camellia sinensis that is grown and processed in the Darjeeling or Kalimpong Districts in West Bengal, India. [3] While both varieties grew, the sinensis variety was flourishing, as it was found assamica preferred warmer and wetter growing conditions while sinensis had been selectively cultivated for higher elevations. Serve as a British outpost in the Himalayas. They followed a torturous winding path – like the roads here – of skewed global trade and politics of the colonial era. Apart from these estates, a relatively small amount of tea is produced in farm cooperatives but they lack processing and quality control infrastructure. In the winter of 1864, a military force was dispatched to Bhutan and the whole of Bhutan Duars was captured. Being on steep slopes, the soil is well-drained and deep enough for long root systems, necessary for anchoring soil on slopes. The Archaeological Survey of India has come up with a publication on two European cemeteries in Darjeeling that throws light not only on the rich colonial history … This amount was raised to Rs.6,000/- in 1846. Gradually by 1852 Darjeeling began its initial business with three Darjeeling Tea Estate's specifically Tukvar, Steinthal, and Aloobari. This fascinating book takes us through the history of Darjeeling as well as of tea and tea drinking in India. However after an agreement between the Government and the chief of The Gorkha National Liberation Front, Mr. Subsash Ghisingh, the agitation was suspended and paved the way for the formation of an autonomous council for the social, economic, educational and cultural advancement of the hill people. The Tea Board of India defines "Darjeeling Tea" as havng "been cultivated, grown, produced, manufactured and processed in tea gardens in the hilly areas of Sadar Subdivision, only hilly areas of Kalimpong District..., and Kurseong subdivision...of the District of Darjeeling in the State of West Bengal, India. belonged to Nepal, which won it by conquest’. ... (Darjeeling) to the British. Most of the tea bushes in Darjeeling owe their origin to tea seeds from China “smuggled” out by famous Scot adventurer and botanist Robert Fortune nearly 200 years ago. The tea leaves are harvested by plucking the plant's top two leaves and the bud, from March to November, a time span that is divided into four flushes. Success of assamica at the nearby Dooars-Terai tea gardens led to infrastructure investments that would be extend up the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, allowing more machinery and supplies to reach the tea gardens. History of darjeeling The name ‘Darjeeling’ is derived from a monastery called ‘Dorje Ling’, built by Denzongpa tribals in 1765, on behalf of the Chogyal or King of Sikkim. After the rainy season, the final leaves grown before the plant's winter dormancy are referred to as the autumnal flush. In 2000, the Tea Board created new licensing requirements for Darjeeling tea exporters, including product authentication and a prohibition on blending, which allowed them to issue certificates of origin. Development.It has strived hard against odds and has achieved goals at par or even better than the rest of the country. The name Darjeeling comes from the Tibetan words, Dorje (thunderbolt) and Ling (place or land), meaning the land of the thunderbolt. The period 1982 to 1988 saw the people of Darjeeling in agitation for the formation of a separate state. The Camellia sinensis seeds originally planted came from China but new plantings come predominately from saplings taken from a few cultivars, such as Bannockburn 157, Phoobsering 312 and Ambari Vegetative 2, which have been specifically adapted for Darjeeling. Since 2004, the term Darjeeling tea has been a registered geographical indication referring to products produced on certain estates within Darjeeling and Kalimpong. Sikkim was a Buddhist kingdom under the Namgyal-Chogyal dynasty from 1642 to 1975. That physical geography of the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, between the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal, results in the land experiencing cool air with dry winter months from November to February followed by monsoon weather in the summer months between July and September. After independence, the estates were all subsequently sold to businesses in India and regulated under the laws of India. 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