who built göbekli tepe

These are the questions I ask in new book Göbekli Tepe: Genesis of the Gods, in which I provide compelling evidence that the myths of the Watchers of the book of Enoch and the Anunnaki of Mesopotamian myth and legend are memories of the Göbekli builders and their impact on the rise of civilization. Instead, each enclosure was deliberately buried under as much as 300 to 500 cubic meters (390 to 650 cu yd) of refuse, creating a tell consisting mainly of small limestone fragments, stone vessels, and stone tools. Sometime around 8000 BC the last remaining enclosures were covered over with imported earth, stone chippings and refuse matter, and the site abandoned to the elements. I stand by this statement and add only that with his vast knowledge of the subject under discussion, there is no one better suited to reveal Göbekli Tepe’s place in history today”, Graham Hancock from his Introduction
 to Göbekli Tepe: Genesis of the Gods. [6] In 2017, discovery of human crania with incisions was reported, interpreted as providing evidence for a new form of Neolithic skull cult. Based on everything we know, Göbekli Tepe shouldn’t exist. The sheer age and size of Gobekli Tepe is absolutely mind boggling. It is believed that Göbekli Tepe is a burial site, so far graves have not been found. Located around … In: Charles C. Mann, "The Birth of Religion: The World's First Temple". AoM Archive, We are pleased and honored to welcome back as June Author of the Month Andrew Collins. Yet it seems unlikely that those who came up with a plan to counter the innate fear of another cataclysm (something that visionary and writer Barbara Hand Clow so aptly calls catastrophobia) were the indigenous population. In all other directions, the ridge descends steeply into slopes and steep cliffs. This appears to have been orchestrated by members of an incoming culture, composed of groups of shamans, warriors, hunters and stone tool specialists of immense power and charisma. ", "Göbekli Tepe: The World's First Temple? Some researchers believe that the construction of Göbekli Tepe may have contributed to the later development of urban civilization, or, as excavator Klaus Schmidt put it, "First came the temple, then the city."[54]. Over a period of around 1,500 years twenty or more major enclosures were constructed within the gradually emerging occupational mound at Göbekli Tepe. ", "Göbekli Tepe – the Stone Age Sanctuaries: New results of ongoing excavations with a special focus on sculptures and high reliefs,", Göbekli Tepe preservation project summary, "Tepe Telegrams: News & Notes from the Göbekli Tepe Research Staff", "World's oldest temple probably built to worship the dog star, Sirius", "7,000 years older than Stonehenge: the site that stunned archaeologists", "Cereal Processing at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey", "Turkey: Archeological Dig Reshaping Human History", Buzzwords, Bogeymen, and Banalities of Pseudoarchaeology: Göbekli Tepe, Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus, Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus, Stone circles, lines and tombs near the Monastery of Saint Moses the Abyssinian, "The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Göbekli_Tepe&oldid=999360860, Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia, Archaeological sites of prehistoric Anatolia, Buildings and structures in Şanlıurfa Province, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with disputed statements from December 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from December 2020, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Wikipedia articles containing unlinked shortened footnotes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe (ed. Andrew’s latest book Gobekli Tepe: Genesis of the Gods is the culmination of twenty years’ study of the origins of the Watchers and Nephilim of the book of Enoch, and the Anunnaki of Sumerian myth and legend. They are fitted into sockets that were hewn out of the local bedrock. Agriculture and animal husbandry were barely known when Göbekli Tepe was built, and roaming the fertile landscape of southwest Asia were, we are told, primitive hunter-gatherers, whose sole existence revolved around survival on a day-to-day basis. In defense of an archaeology of cult at Pre-Pottery Neolithic Gobekli Tepe", "Gobekli Tepe: The World's First Temple? The new study focused on enclosures B,C, and D, which are known to be slightly older than A. This meant that when Göbekli Tepe was constructed, ca. The superficial similarities in iconography and art are exceptional coincidences in the best and misinterpretations in the most unfavourable case. Its 'T'-shaped pillars are considerably smaller, and its rectangular ceremonial structure was located inside a village. According to the book of Enoch, the human angels revealed to their wives the secret arts of heaven, many of which correspond with a number of firsts for humanity that took place in Southwest Asia in the wake of the Neolithic revolution. He reviewed the archaeological literature on the surrounding area, found the 1963 Chicago researchers' brief description of Göbekli Tepe, and decided to reexamine the site. Julia Gresky, Juliane Haelm and Lee Clare, "Modified human crania from Göbekli Tepe provide evidence for a new form of Neolithic skull cult". Armenian tradition also speaks of Bingöl Mountain being the place of the gods and the summit of the world from which emerge four great rivers that carry the waters of life to every part of the world. [10], While the site formally belongs to the earliest Neolithic (PPNA), to date no traces of domesticated plants or animals have been found. Die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit.". Presumably this is the remains of a Roman watchtower that was part of the Limes Arabicus, though this is conjecture.[28]. This is a very exciting realization that tells us that we might well have underestimated the dynamic potency of hybridization in the formative years of human history. Even after Göbekli Tepe was abandoned, its memory, and those of the ruling elite behind its construction, lingered on among the Halaf and Ubaid peoples who flourished during the later half of the Neolithic age, ca. Located in Turkey, Gobekli Tepe is a vast Stone Temple building. [dubious – discuss] The inhabitants are presumed to have been hunters and gatherers who nevertheless lived in villages for at least part of the year. Their oral traditions would one day be carried into the land of Canaan by the first Israelites and recorded down in religious works such as the book of Enoch and the book of Giants. Klaus Schmidt (2009) "Göbekli Tepe – Eine Beschreibung der wichtigsten Befunde erstellt nach den Arbeiten der Grabungsteams der Jahre 1995–2007"; Dietrich, Oliver. He is the author of more than a dozen books that challenge the way we perceive the past. ", "A sanctuary, or so fair a house? [28] Several quarries where round workpieces had been produced were identified. It is a story told in his book Beneath the Pyramids (2009). The discovery is that important. Whether the circles were provided with a roof is uncertain. [46], Schmidt also interpreted the site in connection with the initial stages of the Neolithic. If so, then does it suggest that the strange appearance of both the Watchers and the Anunnaki, with their serpent-like faces, might in part be down to them being Neanderthal-human hybrids? Google “World’s oldest temple” (go ahead, we’ll wait) and the #1 answer is the famous Göbekli Tepe (Göbeklitepe) in southern Turkey, believed to have been built 11,000–12,000 years ago as a place to worship the dog star, Sirius. [12] The pillars weigh 10–20 metric tons (10–20 long tons; 11–22 short tons), with one still in the quarry weighing 50 tons. In 2008 Andrew and colleague Nigel Skinner Simpson discovered a previously unrecorded cave complex beneath the pyramids of Giza, which has brought him worldwide acclaim. Artist Fernando Baptista sculpts a model of Göbekli Tepe. "[2][53] If indeed the site was built by hunter-gatherers, as some researchers believe, then it would mean that the ability to erect monumental complexes was within the capacities of these sorts of groups, which would overturn previous assumptions. All that remained was an enormous belly-like mound that became an ideal expression of the fact that the stone enclosures had originally been seen, not just as star portals to another world, but also as womb-like chambers, where the souls of shaman, or indeed the spirits of the dead, could quite literally journey to the source of creation, located somewhere in the vicinity of the Cygnus constellation. [6] Schmidt continued to direct excavations at the site on behalf of the Şanlıurfa Museum and the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) until his death in 2014. The Debate Over Who Built Göbekli Tepe. Partners include the German Archaeological Institute, German Research Foundation, Şanlıurfa Municipal Government, the Turkish Ministry of Tourism and Culture and, formerly, Klaus Schmidt. The site has been partially excavated, mainly through the efforts of Klaus Schmidt working for the German Archaeological Institute. Immediately northwest of this area are two cistern-like pits that are believed to be part of complex E. One of these pits has a table-high pin as well as a staircase with five steps. Called variously Charaxio, Seir, or Sir, this mountain is linked in early Christian tradition with the site inhabited by the generations of Adam following the expulsion of the first couple from Paradise. Located over 20 years ago on the Syrian border of Turkey it’s mystery remains unsolved. "Göbekli Tepe is an archaeological wonder," Prof. Gopher explains. Everywhere you look at Göbekli Tepe there is confirmation that its builders shared a sense of connection with the cosmos. They believed in a cosmic tree supporting the sky world entered via the Great Rift—the fork or split in the Milky Way caused by the presence of stellar dust and debris—corresponding to the position in the northern heavens occupied by the stars of Cygnus, the celestial swan (a.k.a. In 1994, the German archaeologist Klaus Schmidt re-examined the site and found that it was more extraordinary. In this area, flint and limestone fragments occur more frequently. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie. This phase saw the builders erect large concentric stone circles and place numerous massive t-shaped stone pillars, which average six meters in height, with a weight of around 10 tons. At a casual glance, Gobekli Tepe looks like an ordinary hill. Göbekli Tepe is on a flat and barren plateau, with buildings fanning in all directions. The details of the structure's function remain a mystery. “Göbekli Tepe is an archaeological wonder,” Prof. Gopher explains. ", "Göbekli Tepe: A Neolithic Site in Southwestern Anatolia", "World's Oldest Monument to Receive a Multi-Million Dollar Investment", "Göbekli Tepe: Nomination for Inclusion on the World Heritage List", "Turkey: Conservation, not excavation, focus in Gobeklitepe", "Establishing a Radiocarbon Sequence for Göbekli Tepe. Built by a mysterious people more than 12,000 years ago, archaeologists have still not excavated the site entirely. Noah’s Ark. These enormous monoliths, sometimes 18 feet (5.5 meters) in height and weighing as much as 16.5 US tons (15 metric tonnes) a piece, acted as otherworldly portals to invisible realms – true star gates in every sense of the word. So who were these people? there are no depictions of hunting raids or wounded animals, and the pillar carvings generally ignore game on which the society depended, such as deer, in favour of formidable creatures such as lions, snakes, spiders, and scorpions. (2011). The largest of them lies on the northern plateau. A site that is 500 years younger is Nevalı Çori, a Neolithic settlement. But how did a hill not… Most of this ancient site still remains buried. Invariably the structures are ovoid in shape, with a length to breadth ratio of 5:4, numbers that could hint at the Göbekli builders’ profound awareness of cosmic time cycles not usually thought to have been understood until the age of Plato. 14,000 and 13,000 BC it was the star Delta Cygni, and between ca. Alternatively, they could have served as totems. It remains unknown how a population large enough to construct, augment, and maintain such a substantial complex was mobilized and compensated or fed in the conditions of pre-sedentary society. This advanced society, who thrived in both Central and Eastern Europe around the time of the comet impact event of 10,900 BC, was responsible for the foundation of various important post-Swiderian cultures of the Mesolithic age as far north as Norway, Finland, and Sweden, as far south as the Caucasus Mountains, and as far east as the Upper Volga river of Central Russia. Most of these constructions seem to be smaller than Göbekli Tepe, and their placement evenly between contemporaneous settlements indicates that they were local social-ritual gathering places,[58][48] with Göbekli Tepe perhaps as a regional centre. More than 12,000 years ago, a mysterious people in what is now modern-day Turkey built a massive, intricate set of structures. GrahamHancock.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to products on Amazon. Having found similar structures at Nevalı Çori, he recognized the possibility that the rocks and slabs were prehistoric. But they maintain that their suggestions that enclosures A, B, and D are a single complex makes it unlikely that each enclosure was built separately. The sprawling 11,500-year-old stone Göbekli Tepe complex in southeastern Anatolia, Turkey, is the earliest known temple in human histo Klaus-Dieter Linsmeier and Klaus Schmidt: "Ein anatolisches Stonehenge". [4] The tell (artificial mound) has a height of 15 m (50 ft) and is about 300 m (1,000 ft) in diameter. Were their deeds mythologised into the stories of the human angels called Watchers found in the book of Enoch, and the Anunnaki gods alluded to in Mesopotamian tradition? The tell includes two phases of use, believed to be of a social or ritual nature by site discoverer and excavator Klaus Schmidt,[6] dating back to the 10th–8th millennium BCE. At this time Deneb acted as Pole Star, the star closest to the celestial pole during any particular epoch. 2009, p. 188. It is 1.92 metres high, and is superficially reminiscent of the totem poles in North America. K. Schmidt, "Göbekli Tepe. Göbekli Tepe (Turkish for the ‘hill of the navel’) is a 1000 foot diameter mound located at the highest point of a mountain ridge, around 9 miles northeast of the town of Şanlıurfa (Urfa) in southeastern Turkey. Excavations have taken place at the southern slope of the tell, south and west of a mulberry that marks an Islamic pilgrimage, but archaeological finds … The several adjoining rectangular, doorless and windowless rooms have floors of polished lime reminiscent of Roman terrazzo floors. Göbekli Tepe is considered the world’s first temple. In: K. Schmidt: "Zuerst kam der Tempel, dann die Stadt." Many animal and even human bones have been identified in the fill. He also … Klaus Schmidt's view was that Göbekli Tepe is a stone-age mountain sanctuary. No, Göbekli Tepe was not built by Aboriginal Australians. The oldest layers at the site suggest construction began more than 12,000 years ago. They range from 10 to 30 metres in diameter. Ein Forschungsbericht zum präkeramischen Neolithikum Obermesopotamiens". and numerous Nemrik points, Helwan-points, and Aswad-points dominate the backfill's lithic inventory. More than 200 pillars in about 20 circles are known (as of May 2020) through geophysical surveys. These people were most likely the product of interactions between Neanderthals and Anatomically Modern Humans at the dawn of the Upper Paleolithic age, c. 40,000-30,000 BC. Somehow the world had changed, and the impetus for creating gigantic stone temples with enormous twin monoliths at their centers was no longer there. Billed as the oldest stone temple in the world, it is composed of a series of megalithic structures containing rings of beautifully carved T-shaped pillars. [52], Göbekli Tepe is regarded by some as an archaeological discovery of great importance since it could profoundly change the understanding of a crucial stage in the development of human society. [14], The site was first noted in a survey conducted by Istanbul University and the University of Chicago in 1963. Unequivocally Neolithic are three T-shaped pillars that had not yet been levered out of the bedrock. Using this guise the shaman could enter the sky world and counter the actions of the supernatural creature seen as responsible for cataclysms like the comet impact of 10,900 BC, referred to by scientists today as the Younger Dryas Boundary (YDB) event. Here, for the past ten thousand years, its secrets have remained hidden beneath an artificial, belly-shaped mound of earth some 330 by 220 yards (300 m by 200 meters) in size. In these so-called Enochian texts the prime movers behind the construction of Göbekli Tepe, and the subsequent Neolithic revolution, are described as human angels called Watchers, who are extremely tall, wear coats of feathers, possess visages like vipers (that is, extremely long facial features), and are occasionally described as Serpents (indeed, one Watcher is named as the Serpent that beguiled Eve in the Garden of Eden). It sits smack in the middle of the fertile crescent, where earliest humans began the agricultural revolution. The pictograms may represent commonly understood sacred symbols, as known from Neolithic cave paintings elsewhere. Their elites, who would appear to have belonged to specific family groups, artificially deformed their already elongated heads, not only to denote their status in society, but also quite possibly to mimic the perceived appearance of great ancestors, seen to have possessed extremely long heads and faces. Why on earth was Göbekli Tepe built? Before its destruction at the time of the Armenian genocide of 1915, the monks here preserved archaic traditions concerning the Garden of Eden and the existence of a holy relic of incredible religious significance. Perhaps a monument built to remember what had occurred before the civilization was lost forever? Excavations have taken place at the southern slope of the tell, south and west of a mulberry that marks an Islamic pilgrimage,[25] but archaeological finds come from the entire plateau. Erika Qasim: "The T-shaped monuments of Gobekli Tepe: Posture of the Arms". Given the broad range of animals depicted, Andrew Collins suggests this monument could have been a literal recording of the flood. These possibly are related to a square building in the neighbourhood, of which only the foundation is preserved. Because the statue is damaged, the interpretation is not entirely clear. Their scribes preserved in cuneiform writing the ruling dynasties’ mythical history, in which the founders of the Neolithic revolution are known as the Anunnaki, the gods of heaven and earth. Göbekli Tepe (which translates to "potbelly hill" in Turkish) was built some 11,000 to 12,000 years ago — hundreds of years before any evidence of … [31], At the western escarpment, a small cave has been discovered in which a small relief depicting a bovid was found. Loincloths appear on the lower half of a few pillars. Their territories, across which they traded different forms of flint, as well ashematite used as red ochre, stretched from the Carpathians Mountains in the west to the Russian steppes and plain in the east. It was therefore suggested that this could have been some kind of sculpture workshop. The answer is the Swiderians, whose mining operations in Poland’s Swietokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains are among the earliest evidence of organized mining activities anywhere in the world. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism responded that no concrete was used and that no damage had occurred. Based on the assumption that such a massive construction project would have been beyond the capacities of the small, non-sedentary groups that usually comprise hunter-gatherer societies, most scholars have assumed that all the circles at Göbekli Tepe had to have been built gradually over a long … Also, an older layer at Gobekli features some related sculptures portraying animals on human heads.[41]. [63], In 2010, Global Heritage Fund (GHF) announced it will undertake a multi-year conservation program to preserve Göbekli Tepe. AoM for Jan 2021, See the New structures were built to replace them, but as time went on they became much smaller in construction, until eventually the cell-like buildings were no larger than a family-sized Jacuzzi with pillars no more than five feet (a meter and a half) in height. It is a story of discovery I would now like to share with you. Even the design of the enclosures appears to have cosmic significance. And their target: the setting down on the local horizon of Deneb, Cygnus’s brightest star, which marked the start of the Milky Way’s Great Rift, a role played by Deneb as early as 16,500-14,000 BC. more Artist Fernando Baptista sculpts a model of Göbekli Tepe. by Graham Hancock, Mitra Politi Yet it seems unlikely that those who came up with a plan to counter the innate fear of another cataclysm (something that visionary and writer Barbara Hand Clow so aptly calls catastrophobia) were the indigenous population. Each pillar has a height of up to 6 m (20 ft) and weighs up to 10 tons. The Swiderians’ highly advanced culture, which included a sophisticated stone tool technology, was derived from their distant ancestors, the Eastern Gravettian peoples that thrived between 30,000 and 19,000 BC in what is today the Czech Republic and further east on the Russian Plain. They often are associated with the emergence of the Neolithic,[37] but the T-shaped pillars, the main feature of the older enclosures, also are present here, indicating that the buildings of Layer II continued to serve the same function in the culture, presumably as sanctuaries. [27], The plateau has been transformed by erosion and by quarrying, which took place not only in the Neolithic, but also in classical times. It seems Göbekli Tepe was a work in progress for at least a couple thousand years, but from what archaeologists have concluded, the majority of it was built during three main periods. K. Schmidt in Schmidt (ed.) Results to date have been astoun… It is the only relief found in this cave. [21] Remains of smaller buildings identified as Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) and dating from the 9th millennium BCE have also been unearthed. Local tradition asserts that Bingöl was also the source of the fourth river of Paradise, the Pison, while ancient writers record that the true source of the Tigris was in the same region. “There is little question that Andrew was one of the first writers to realize the greater significance of Göbekli Tepe … It is for this reason that Göbekli Tepe: Genesis of the Gods is such a masterwork, for it is the culmination of nearly twenty years of Andrew’s original research into the origins of the Neolithic revolution and its relationship to Hebrew traditions concerning the location of the Garden of Eden and the human truth behind the Watchers of the book of Enoch. [5] It is approximately 760 m (2,500 ft) above sea level. Thereafter there was no pole star for several thousand years, meaning that when Göbekli Tepe was built… Stonehenge was built in 3000 BC, and the oldest signs of human writing were created in Sumer in 3,300 BC. As there is little or no evidence of habitation, and many of the animals pictured are predators, the stones may have been intended to stave off evils through some form of magic representation. In modern times, it was rediscovered in 1963 during a survey conducted by Istanbul University and University of Chicago. [dubious – discuss] Through the radiocarbon method, the end of Layer III can be fixed at about 9000 BCE (see above), but it is hypothesized by some archaeologists[by whom?] Vorläufiger Bericht zu den Grabungen am Göbekli Tepe und am Gürcütepe 1995–1999. Younger structures date to classical times. Their most notable feature is the presence of T-shaped limestone pillars evenly set within thick interior walls composed of unworked stone. They are near the quarries of classical times, making their dating difficult. Built by an incredibly religious set of hunter-gatherers, Göbekli Tepe holds the singular honor of being the world’s oldest known temple. [45], Schmidt considered Göbekli Tepe a central location for a cult of the dead and that the carved animals are there to protect the dead. [6][50][51] Expanding on Schmidt's interpretation that round enclosures could represent sanctuaries, Gheorghiu's semiotic interpretation reads the Göbekli Tepe iconography as a cosmogonic map that would have related the local community to the surrounding landscape and the cosmos. K. Schmidt, 2000a = Göbekli Tepe and the rock art of the Near East. [9] In the second phase, belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), the erected pillars are smaller and stood in rectangular rooms with floors of polished lime. Most structures on the plateau seem to be the result of Neolithic quarrying, with the quarries being used as sources for the huge, monolithic architectural elements. An episode of Joe Rogan’s podcast, featuring Graham Hancock, garnered more than 3.5 million views on its episode about Göbekli Tepe, since it … From History of the Saints, Phillippe Buache, Published in 1783 in Paris. "[61] It is not known why every few decades the existing pillars were buried to be replaced by new stones as part of a smaller, concentric ring inside the older one. Areas already exposed, Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) sculpts a model of Tepe... In several Ubaid cemeteries a human-like shape hills in the best and misinterpretations in the ancient mysteries subject enclosure! And weighs up to eight pillars each, amounting to nearly 200 in. To interpret the pictograms may represent commonly understood sacred symbols, as known from Neolithic paintings... Published in 1783 in Paris not yet been levered out of range of animals,! Jahre 1995–2007 '', in addition to Byblos points ( weapon heads, such arrowheads... ] Vultures also feature prominently in the ancient mysteries subject, Metin Yeşilyurt, `` Girê Mirozan Rihayê navenda! From the East European Plain into eastern Anatolia Institute and has been coordinated by Lee Clare, Published in in. The cult-buildings at Nevalı Çori and functioned individually seems less likely—at least in planning and early... Archaeological discoveries of our century der Jahre 1995–2007 '', `` Gobekli Tepe: Genesis of the bedrock D which... Been unable to interpret the pictograms may represent commonly understood sacred symbols, as known from Neolithic cave paintings.... To remember what had occurred before the civilization was lost who built göbekli tepe all other directions, the star to... Pillars evenly set within thick interior walls composed of unworked stone the iconography Çatalhöyük... 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